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| using biology to justify policy and politics |
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| The ability to modify and control human abilities and potentials by the manipulation of bodies, genes, and minds |
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| 3 aspects of the new biology |
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1. The control of life and death
2. The control of human potentiality
3. The control of human achievement |
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| Entirely dead. 40,000 people in the U.S. at some level besides full body death |
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| there is nothing upstairs as far as cognitive function and controlling vital organs. Can be kept alive with the right machinery |
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| this person will never wake up, will never think another thought. The part of the brain that controls major functions (breathing) still works |
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| Permanent vegetative state |
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Involuntary muscle twitches, can move, make noises, follow you with their eyes
Terry Shiavo, Karen Quinlan |
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| Supreme court case that allowed physician assisted suicide |
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| the right to fight and society that must give you the right to fight |
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| we should not be making decision on the right to die based on specism. Must be a practical decision based on the ability to feel pain. |
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| Genetically modifying pigs with hearts that mimic human protein |
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| Hyper acute immune reaction |
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| When your body rejects foreign proteins and attacks it |
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| Tissues from an embryo that can become anything because they are totipotent. They don't excite an immune reaction. One stem cell can replicate infinite times |
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| Stem cells that can become everything |
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| cells that can become several things, bone marrow |
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| Cells from skin, muscle, bones. Can't become anything else |
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| Had Falconi's Anemia (couldn't make bone marrow). Took cord blood from her baby brother and grew her new bone marrow |
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| Transplants between humans and animals |
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| A neurotransmitter in your brain stops being produced. The part of your brain that controls motor skills is diminished |
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| Introducing stem cells allows some tissue growth |
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| A women has to take care of her children and when they grow up she has to take care of her parents |
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| Latin for in glass. First one performed in 1978. 8-10,000 performed a year. |
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| Assisted reproductive technology |
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| Can freeze eggs now and save them for later |
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| Created by 5 people and was born an orphan. Egg Donor, sperm donor, 2 actual parents and a surrogate mother. Court case decided any couple who protracts to produce a baby, is legally bound to take care of the baby |
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| A genetic disorder that either kills you or damages you so much it makes you sterile. Every person is a carrier for 5-7 lethal genetic traits |
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| At Trisome 21 there are 3 chromosomes instead of 2. At 45+ the chances of having a downs baby are 1/28 |
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| Babies are born without brains |
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| Neural tube defects caused by lack of folate from sun damage |
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| Can test for sex, blood type, and over 100 genetic diseases. You have to wait until you are 16-17 weeks into the pregnancy |
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| Photograph of chromosomes |
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| the science devoted to improving the race/species |
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| business of finding harmful/undesirable genetic traits and eliminating them |
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| Make a baby in a petri dish and screen entire genome for genetic fatals. Can test and select against carriers. |
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| Identifying traits that are valuable and breeding for them. You can shop for sperm donors |
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| Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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| Pinch off some tissue from the sac that contains the embryonic fluid at 6 weeks. Can only determine genetic diseases, not developmental |
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| Altering genetic make up of an organism by adding new DNA to it or by changing the DNA that's already there. Ecoli to fight diseases |
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| Infecting ecoli with a virus that chops it up and then put a piece of DNA in it (human growth hormone). You can make new genetics that never existed in nature |
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| DNA is not isolated in the nucleus. Single cell bacteria (Ecoli) |
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| Multicellar, separate container for information (nucleus). Human cell |
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| Ring of DNA that occurs in prokaryote cells. Usually one large loop of DNA and other plasmids. Exchange information almost sexually |
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| Originally developed to reduce muscle tension. Became Valium. Most widely prescribed drug in the world. Long term effects are anxiety, depression and sleeplessness |
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| Entire mapping of the genome. Pharmaceutical companies patenting genes before they know what they do. |
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| Human Growth Hormone gene |
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| can clip it out with restriction enzymes. Billions growing in vats. |
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| Parents giving their children Human Growth Hormone for cosmetic reasons. Can increase height by 25%. We don't know what the effects of excessive amounts are on children. |
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| How much you give back to the world vs. how much it costs to raise you. Mother Theresa is a level 1, most people are a level 6. Some people are so damaged they can't give back at all but you can extend their lives infinitely. |
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| an arbitrary category invented to fit a misunderstandings about how humans evolve |
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| Gradient, temperature behaves this way. Natural representation of actual occurrences of variation. |
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| Purpose of early physical anthropology |
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1. To determine how many races there are
2. To figure out the relative ranking among them
The study of the normal white man under varying conditions |
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| Science of classification. Classified races. Assumed that behavior traits are fixed in races (painting red lines on your face) |
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| Science of classification. Classified races. Assumed that behavior traits are fixed in races (painting red lines on your face) |
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| What color was Adam? What color is God? If the original pure race was white the other races must have fallen even farther grace. |
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| Gave us the race categories we still use today. White, black, brown, yellow and red. |
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| Petrus Camper’s Facial Angle |
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| The guiding principal which God made humans was by face shape. The stupidest people had the pointiest faces. The race with the flattest faces was Asian. |
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| After Darwin, most advanced races where the farthest evolved from the ape. Most savage are most ape-like |
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| Most important trait was size of brain. Had to doctor study and choose only specific skulls to get the conclusion he wanted. He already knew the answer. |
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| Syphilis a black disease because of the natural affinity for black people to sex. 400 black men told they had brain disease and never treated them for syphilis |
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| studied the syphallic index (measurements of the skull) of immigrants and decided it had more to do with nutrition than intelligence |
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| Carries of sickle cell trait are more immune to Malaria. caused by point mutation where the amino acid, glutomic acid(normal), is substituted with valine(sickled) at 6th codone. Causes cell to collapse into a sickle shape |
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| Most common in Ashkanazi Jews. Tay-sachs carriers have a much lower rate of TB and a much lower death rate of those who do have TB. TB plagues the ghettos. |
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| Vast majority of people are of white European decent. Carriers of Cystic Fibrosis are resistant to Typhoid Fever. Typhoid fever caused by a type of salmonella from raw sewage |
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| DNA wound onto histomes, packed together in groups of 8- creates the nuclesome, packing on packing on packing |
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| Your experience can change how DNA is wound- increasingly enormously the potential for diversity. Histones can flip and turn things off is a women is starved in her lifetime |
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| Discovered that DNA is a double helix and the width. Stolen by Watson and Crick |
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| Structural units of DNA. phosphate, sugar, and a base |
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| In a persistent vegetative state in Italy from 1992 until 2009. Her father fought with the Catholic church. |
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| Produce antithronbin, which help you not clot your blood |
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| long repeat strands, phosphate, sugar base- pointing inward to each other |
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You can cover the right side of DNA and know what it says based on the left side.
A and T. G and C. T and U in RNA |
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| would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs. |
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| Semiconservative replication |
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| produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one entirely new strand. |
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| One of the chromosomes is a copy inherited by mom and one inherited by dad. 46 chromosomes- they have already replicated |
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| egion of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two sister chromatids come in contact. Holds the replicated DNA together |
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| Identical copies of the chromosome held together by a centromere |
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| 1 amino acid- made up of 1 nucleotide or 3 letters. Everything is built from 20 amino acids with 64 names- can be varying lengths (Nutrasweet is only 2 amino acids) |
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| DNA unzips and mRNA reads the information. Everywhere there was a t there is now a u. mRNA then detaches and leaves the nucleus |
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| Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription. Ribosome runs over mRNA and stops a codons. tRNA is attached. Ribosome drops and amino acid and it hooks |
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| the amino acid chains (protein) that you get from tRNA. Backbone of every protien |
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| The gargled messages in DNA that are left out |
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| The shorter more viable message of DNA that is exported |
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| Sex cells, have a diploid chromosome count (23 pairs) |
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| Happens 25,000 a second. 1 trillion total. The homologous cells replicate and become a chromotid and line up end to end. Chromosomes are then separated and make 2 different identical cells |
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| The same number of matching chromosomes from mom and dad |
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| Misspelling- can lead to genetic lethal (sickle cells) |
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| The chromosomes line up next to each other (random mixture of mom and dad). They don't separate at the centromere and produce 2 cells that are haploid rather than diploid (1 of each, not pairs). You end up with 4 haploid. |
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| Eggs cell. Line up side by side randomly. When they replicate they are not equivalent- polar bodies. You get one egg out of one oocyte |
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| Controlled by a single gene involving a single protein. The ABO blood group. |
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| Discovered the ABO blood type |
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| the code for the allele that you have. AO, AA, BO, BB, AB, OO |
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| The gene that actually shows up from the genotype based on dominance and co-dominance. A, B, AB, O |
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| alternative form of the gene, ABO blood type |
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| Percentage of Africans with sickle cells trait |
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