Term
| gonads (ovaries), uterus, fallopian tubes, & vagina |
|
Definition
| what are the contents of the female repro tract? |
|
|
Term
1) preparation for conception
2) gestation |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 main functions of the female reproductive tract? |
|
|
Term
female: 9 weeks
male: 7 weeks |
|
Definition
| when does the female fetus differntiate sex characteristics? the male fetus? |
|
|
Term
| alpha and beta ESR1, and ESR2 |
|
Definition
| what are the estrogen receptors? |
|
|
Term
| PRA and PRB (A and B just like estrogen) |
|
Definition
| what are the progesterone receptors? |
|
|
Term
| mostly albumin (60%), some by ABG(38%), only 2% is active |
|
Definition
| what carrier molecule binds to estrogen? |
|
|
Term
| mostly CBG(corticosteroid binding globulin), 3% active |
|
Definition
| what carrier molecule binds to progesterone? |
|
|
Term
Estrogen A: uterus
Estrogen B: ovaries
however both affect each other |
|
Definition
| what type of estrogen enhances mainly the uterus development? what type of estrogen mostly influences the development of the ovaries? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is important to determine fetus health in high risk pregnancies? |
|
|
Term
| hypothalmus, stimulates pdxn of FSH and LH from anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| where does GnRH come from? what does it stimulate? |
|
|
Term
ovaries: estrogen from the developing follicles(granulosa cells + theca), CL, placenta, adrenal glands
progesterone from the CL (adrenal glands and placenta too) |
|
Definition
| where are estrogen and progesterone secreted in females? |
|
|
Term
| pulsatile (so is FSH, LH, Kisspeptin) |
|
Definition
| just like testosterone, secretion of GnRH is ______ |
|
|
Term
| every 1-3 hrs for several minutes |
|
Definition
| how often is GnRH secreted? |
|
|
Term
| true, the psychic component, can be stress based |
|
Definition
| true or false, the limbic system can mpdulate GnRH production |
|
|
Term
| combine with receptors in the cell membrane, activate the receptors, increase protein synthesis growth and proliferation of cells (mostly using 2nd messenger: cAMP) |
|
Definition
| how do FSH and LH act directly on the ovarian tissue? what is the primary second messenger? |
|
|
Term
| FSH and LH (progesterone does too) secretion from anterior petuitary/ GnRH from hypothalmus |
|
Definition
| what does estrogen have a negative feedback effect on? |
|
|
Term
1)uterus
2)fallopian tubes
3)upper portion of vagina |
|
Definition
| what do the mullerian ducts become? |
|
|
Term
1)clitoris
2)labia minora
3)labia majora
4)lower vagina |
|
Definition
| estrogen produced by the ovaries is responsible for what female repro structures? |
|
|
Term
mullerian ducts develop because there is no anti-mullerian hormone
Wolffian ducts recede due to lack of testosterone |
|
Definition
| why do Mullerian ducts develop in females and the Wollfian ducts recede? |
|
|
Term
1) 17 beta estradiol
2) estrone
3) estriol |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of estrogen(in order of most estrogenic to least)? |
|
|
Term
| fetal metabolism - goes through fetal adrenal glands and liver |
|
Definition
| what does synthetsis of estriol depend on? |
|
|
Term
1) granulosa cells of ovarian follicle
2) placenta
3) adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| where are estradiol and estrone produced? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what produces progesterone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding of ____ to their receptors enhances transfer factors that travel to the nucleus of the cell to produce their effects |
|
|
Term
| FSH and LH from anterior petuitary (stimulated to be released by GnRH from hypothalmus) |
|
Definition
| what stimulates estrogen and progesterone production? |
|
|
Term
| FSH and LH shut down because GnRH needs to be cyclically produced |
|
Definition
| if given continuous GnRH, what happens to FSH and LH secretion? |
|
|
Term
| mostly negative, but mid cycle there is a positive feedback that triggers the LH surge |
|
Definition
| is progesterone mostly negative or positive feedback? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stimulates GnRH surges that stimulate FSH/LH in ant. petuitary? |
|
|
Term
| granulosa cells (initially primarily FSH) |
|
Definition
| what cells have receptors for both FSH and LH, and are the primary tissue target of their action? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FSH/LH stimulate granulosa cells to produce ____ which can negatively feedback on the anterior petuitary to control release of FSH(primarily) but LH too |
|
|
Term
| made in the granulosa cells, a protein binding inhibitor for activin, which modulates FSH increases |
|
Definition
| what is follistatin? where is it produced? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what produced by granulosa cells stimulates FSH production? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the primary factor to control FSH secretion? |
|
|
Term
1) increases their population, thus increasing estrogen production
2) increases their receptors for FSH and LH to further estrogen pdxn |
|
Definition
| what does FSH do to granulosa cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estrogen has a negative feedback on both the anterior petuitary and ___ |
|
|
Term
| 1) estradiol (negative feedback) |
|
Definition
| what inhibits kisspeptin neurons? |
|
|
Term
| high estrogen bathing hypothalmus for 36 + hrs triggers GnRH surge and thus LH surge, triggering ovulation |
|
Definition
| what is the positive feedback effect of estrogen mid-cycle |
|
|
Term
| GnRH, which stimulates its release, is also pulsatile |
|
Definition
| why is LH release pulsatile? |
|
|
Term
| (initially LH increases at night, then later both day and night) |
|
Definition
| when does estrogen begin becoming produced? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the average age for menopause? |
|
|
Term
| LH/FSH no longer can stimulate estrogen pdxn anymore, just unresponsive CT in the ovary |
|
Definition
| in menopause, there gets to be a low number of primordial follicles so ____ production is not stimulated anymore |
|
|
Term
| testosterone(androgens) is produced by the ovaries, & there is a peripheral conversion of androgens(in fat cells) to estrogen, so they have milder menopause, because they have more peripheral(fat) tissue |
|
Definition
| why do obese women have milder menopause? |
|
|
Term
| Kisspeptin (only active at a certain age) |
|
Definition
| what does the timing of puberty really depend on? |
|
|
Term
| no, its like the mid-point |
|
Definition
| is menarche the beginning of puberty? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average age of puberty have dropped from age 18/19 in the 1800s to age ____ |
|
|
Term
| breast budding -> growth spurt (begins and ends sooner than males) |
|
Definition
| what marks the beginning of female pubertal changes? |
|
|
Term
1) acne - girls have it milder due to estrogen
2) pubic hair growth (male have upward triangle-testosterone, female points downward, also straight hair line due to absence of testosterone, not presence of estrogen)
3) body contours (female: narrow shoulders, wide hips, large pelvic inlet, convergent thighs, divergent arms, male: opposite)
4) adrenarche (both have increase in adrenal androgens in both sexes at the beginning of puberty) |
|
Definition
| what 3 pubertal changes are in common with males? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both males and females undergo adrenarche(increase in adrenal androgens) before puberty, will this mess up puberty if the adrenal glands are removed? |
|
|
Term
increased estrogen:
1)ductal development
2)increased areolar pigmentation
3)papilla develop (from separate mound as areola) |
|
Definition
| what are the pubertal changes in breasts, and what influences them? |
|
|
Term
a cornified layer of the vagina develops for protection that secretes glycogen, which is broken down by bacteria to make an acidic environment to prevent infection and injury
this is lost at menopause |
|
Definition
in puberty, estrogen causes vaginal changes. describe them
hint: why do post menopausal women get an increase in yeast infections? |
|
|
Term
uterus:
1) increased blood supply/flow
2) increased gland growth
3) mucosal thickening
4) increase in actin/myosin in myometrial layer for spontaneous contractions (to enhance sperm transport)
5) |
|
Definition
| what happens to the uterus under influence of estrogen? |
|
|
Term
cervix: increase in watery secretions,
mid cycle, stretch the mucus to check ovulation and high estrogen
tubes:
1) increased cilia development
2) contractions for sperm transport |
|
Definition
| what happens to the cervix under the influence of estrogen? the fallopian tubes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ is pro fertility, ____ is progestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what leads to closure of the epiphyseal plates? |
|
|
Term
| 6 million, 2 million at birth, 300-400 thousand at puberty |
|
Definition
| how many ova are initially made? how many left at birth? by puberty? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many ova are ovulated in a lifetime? |
|
|
Term
1) follicular phase
2) luteal phase |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 parts of the ovarian cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the ovarian cycle where the follicle grows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the ovarian cycle where the CL functions to provide the right environment for fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of non-ovulated ova |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what part of the ovarian cycle almost ALWAYS lasts 14 days? |
|
|
Term
| variability in the FOLLICULAR phase |
|
Definition
| what is the variablity in the 28 day cycle caused by? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the beginning of the follicular phase, how many follicles are stimulated to grow due to FSH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progression of primordial follicles towards large preovulatory follicles |
|
|
Term
| ~200 days spanning aprox. 7 menstrual cycles |
|
Definition
| how long does folliculogenesis take? |
|
|
Term
| grow 5 days, dominant follicle chosen day 6 |
|
Definition
| how long does FSH stimulate follicle growth before the follicle of the month is chosen(dominant follicle)? |
|
|
Term
| FSH (positive feedback enhances growth and development) |
|
Definition
| the dominant follicle produces estrogen, which feeds back to produce more ___ |
|
|
Term
| an estrogen surge, which triggers an LH surge, and thinning of the wall, and follicle rupture/ovulation |
|
Definition
| as more estrogen is produced, a secretion fills the antrum of the dominant follicle and it continues to grow/swell until what? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible implantation |
|
Definition
| once the follicle has ruptured, the corpus luteum left behind produces what? |
|
|
Term
day 6-12,
this causes 1)proliferation of the granulosa cells and 2)promotes the conversion of androgens to estrogen (by granulosa cells) |
|
Definition
| what days in the ovarian cycle is there an increase in FSH and LH from the anterior petuitary? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounding the follicle is a CT capsule called the ____ that stretches ad the follicle grows. |
|
|
Term
| FSH, estrogen, and inhbin (negative feedback on FSH, but dominant follicle has more FSH receptors so its not affected as much by inhibin) |
|
Definition
| what does the follicle produce besides estrogen? |
|
|
Term
1)more sensitive to FSH (more receptors)
2)better blood supply
3)it gets to ovulate |
|
Definition
| what is special about the dominant follicle? |
|
|
Term
| stromal cells of the interstitium |
|
Definition
| what is the theca folliculi formed from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of the theca ____ contain LH receptors and under the influence of LH, secrete androgens which are secondarily converted to estrogen by the granulosa cells after diffusing to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells secrete liquour folliculi leading to antrum formation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what causes enhanced aromatase production in granulosa cells? |
|
|
Term
T -> estradiol
A -> estrone |
|
Definition
| aromatase converts testosterone to ___ and androstendione to ____ |
|
|
Term
| it falls because of negative feedback on the anterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| as more estrogen is produced, what happens to FSH? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen?? so he says, and activins |
|
Definition
| what causes the FSH surge mid cycle? |
|
|
Term
| antral follicle = 2' follicle, contains a 1' oocyte |
|
Definition
| what kind of oocyte does the antral follicle contain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stimulates proliferation of thecal cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of granulosa cells surrounding the ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how big does a follicle need to be, to be considered a mature/Graafian follicle? |
|
|
Term
| progesterone, stimulated from the LH surge |
|
Definition
| what causes release of proteolytic enzymes to damage the wall of the follicle allowing for ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| theca, post ovulation the granulosa/lutein cells make more progesterone |
|
Definition
| which has more progesterone prior to ovulation? theca cells or granulosa cells? |
|
|
Term
| causes prostaglandins and fluid to go into the follicle causing it to swell |
|
Definition
| what does progesterone do to the follicle besides release proteolyitc enzymes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what phase follows ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| corpora hemorrhagicum, filled with blood |
|
Definition
| what is the follicle called right after ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| lutein cells (luteinization) |
|
Definition
| after the corpus hemorrhagicum forms, granulosa cells and theca interna cells enlarge and become ____ cells, filled with lipid and turn yellowish |
|
|
Term
if fertilization does not occur, CL involutes after 7-8 days, loses secretory function after 12 days
if it does occur, it continues to secrete hormones to maintain pregnancy |
|
Definition
| if fertilization occurs what happens to the CL versus if it does not? |
|
|
Term
1) hypertophy of granulosa/lutein cells
2) increase vacularization of CL
3) increased LDL cholesterol uptake by CL
4) greatly increased progesterone synth by CL depended on LH |
|
Definition
| what accompanies luteinization? |
|
|
Term
| turns them into luteal cells which make lots of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibins to suppress the HPG axis |
|
Definition
| what does LH do to the granulosa and thecal cells after ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| P & E maintain endometrial lining, inhibin inhibits FSH and LH production |
|
Definition
as secreted from the CL,
what do progesterone and estrogen do to the endothelial lining? what does inhibin do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the CL involutes what is it called? |
|
|
Term
| first fibroblasts proliferate, and collagen & matrix material is deposited. The albicans accumulate as scar tissue in the ovary |
|
Definition
| what happens to corpus albicans over time? |
|
|
Term
| the endometrial lining sloughs off |
|
Definition
| when the CL involutes, inhibin stops, so FSH and LH are secreted again, what happens when it stops making progesterone and estrogen? |
|
|
Term
HCG is secreted by the placenta, prolonging the life of the CL and preventing the corpus albicans from forming
estrogen and progesterone also continue to be secreted and prevent FSH and LH secretion |
|
Definition
| what is secreted by the placenta to maintain pregnancy if fertilization and implantation are successful? |
|
|
Term
progesterone -> 1 degree celcius increase in temp
+ cervical mucus thickens, a sign of ovulation |
|
Definition
| with ______ surge, the temperature centers in the hypothalmus are affected causing the temperature to rise how much? and what happens to cervical mucus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens to the CL's sensitivty to LH as it ages? |
|
|
Term
| HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
|
Definition
| what hormone sustains the corpus luteum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| declining progesterone and increasing _______ made by granulosa - lutein cells hastens luteolysis |
|
|
Term
| allows FSH and LH to begin to be secreted again |
|
Definition
| at the end of the cycle the CL involutes and stops producing inhbin, estrogen, and progesterone, what does this allow? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCG stimulates ___ production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| day 1 of the menstrual cycle is marked by what? |
|
|
Term
| desquamation, proliferation, and secretion |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle? |
|
|
Term
| lack of hormones leads to ischemia of the blood vessels and thus sloughing of the necrotic tissue (take about 5 days) |
|
Definition
| what causes menstruation? how long does it last? |
|
|
Term
| about 40cc's worth blood and 35 cc's serous secretions, no clots due to fibrinolysin + WBC's) |
|
Definition
| how much stuff is sloughed off in menstruation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ and vasoconstriction of the endometrial blood vessels (spiral arteries) leads to ischemic necrosis of the endometrium with sloughing and hemorrhage of endometrial mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long before the end of the cycle does th CL involute and cause a decrease in estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| WBC's are released in the menstrual fluid with a phagocytic function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long does the proliferative phase last? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what day of the cycle does ovulation occur? |
|
|
Term
| increased estrogen secretion |
|
Definition
| what causes proliferation od the stromal and epithelial cells of the endometrium? |
|
|
Term
| 4-7 days, thickening of endometrial stroma and glandular proliferation occurs after this |
|
Definition
| how long does re-epithlialization of the uterus take? what follows this? |
|
|
Term
| the end of the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| what phase of the endometrial cucle does ovulation occur in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how thick is the endometrium at the time of ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| secretory/progestational phase, lasts 12 days (days 17-28) AFTER ovulation |
|
Definition
| what phase of the endometrial cycle follows the proliferative phase? how long does it last? |
|
|
Term
estrogen: proliferation of the endometrium
progesterone: causes increased vascularity, swelling, and secretion of endometrial glands, lipid and glycogen accumulation in strome (uterine milk) |
|
Definition
| what do estrogen and progesterone do to the endometrium in the secretory phase? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which phase of the endometrial cycle is more variable? proliferative or secretory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long after ovulation does it take the ovum to enter the uterus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the egg is fertilized, how long does it take to implant? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how thick is the endometrium following implantation? |
|
|
Term
| trophoblastic cells on the surface of the blastocyst |
|
Definition
| what cells chew their way though the uterine lining and absorb the nutrients? |
|
|
Term
pre: estrogen
post: progesterone |
|
Definition
| what mostly influences the endometrial growth pre-ovulation? post ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| no, its due to lack of androgen |
|
Definition
| is the high voice/straight hairline in a woman due to estrogen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristics, cell proliferation, and growth of reproductive organs in females |
|
|
Term
1) lowers LDL and inhibits aterogenesis (but high does promotes thrombosis)
2) increases calcium retention, supresses bone turnover and prevents bone loss
3) increases sodium and water retention (like aldosterone)
4) increases protein carriers of steroids (like SHBG) |
|
Definition
| list the metabolic effects of estrogen |
|
|
Term
all repro organs in females enlarge due to estrogen, but the external genetalia specifically (and elsewhere) becomes surrounded by fat deposits
"that skin you like to touch" |
|
Definition
| what does estrogen do to skin/fat deposition in females? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prior to parturition, what enhances oxytocin receptors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what enhances the number or progesterone receptors? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen increases, progesterone decreases |
|
Definition
| what causes increases in uterine contractions? what decreases it? |
|
|
Term
| progesterone, estrogen does ductal development (oxytocin does milk) |
|
Definition
| what causes development of alveolar glands and secretory lobules in the breast? what does ductal development in the breast? |
|
|
Term
excreted (aldosterone progesteron competition, they are similar but slightly different receptor protein)
makes cervical mucus thick (natural birth control barrier) |
|
Definition
| opposite of estrogen, progesterone cause sodium to be _____ and cervical mucus to be ____ |
|
|
Term
1) increase cholesterol and LDL
2) increases sensitivity of the respiratory centers to CO2, stimulates increased respiratory rate
3) natriuresis
4) increase basal body temp 1 degree celcius |
|
Definition
| list the metabolic effects of progesterone |
|
|
Term
| increases mucosal secretions to aid egg movement |
|
Definition
| what does progesterone do to fallopian tubes? |
|
|
Term
| estrogen, progesterone inhibits this |
|
Definition
| what induces cornification of the vagina? |
|
|
Term
| it is associated with an increase in libido |
|
Definition
| what does ovulation have to do with sexual function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finish this phrase by Billy Crystal: "Women need a reason to have sex; men need ____" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormone is in norplant to prevent ovulation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what branch of the ANS causes female vasodilation and erection and increased secretions of the Bartholin's glands in females? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what nerve carries signals from errogenous zones to the sacral plexus to heighten arousal? |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin secretion by the posterior petuitary |
|
Definition
| what causes contraction of the uterus in sex? |
|
|
Term
| lumbar and sacral reflexes |
|
Definition
| what reflexes may cause female orgasm when local tactile and psychic stimulation is maximal? |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin, 5x greater in males, 20 x greater in females at orgasm |
|
Definition
| what is responsible for sexual arousal? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by rhtymic contractions of the perineal muscles, dilation of the cervical canal, and increased muscular tension throughout the body due to spinal reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is analogous to emission and ejaculation in males? |
|
|
Term
| resolution (just like males) |
|
Definition
| when the muscles relax after orgasm, what is this called? |
|
|
Term
1) temp increase
2) Spinnbarkeit formation (with estrogen peak)
3) mittleschmerz
4) mid cycle spotting due to hormone drop |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 indications of ovulation? |
|
|
Term
| it is an indication of ovulation when the cervical mucus stretched between the thumb and forefinger doesn't break |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it is an indication of ovulation when the cervical mucus stretched between the thumb and forefinger doesn't break |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen & progesterone inhibit LH and FSH(gonadotropins) and help thicken cervical mucus |
|
Definition
| how do contraceptives work? |
|
|
Term
| prevents implantaion and stops the ovarian cycle if ovulation has not occurred (Plan B) causes uterine contractions etc |
|
Definition
| what is RU486 (antiprigsterone mifepristone)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the ages of beginning sub-fertility? age of beginning sterility? age of irregular cycles |
|
|
Term
increases in females, trying to get scarred up ovary to respond (esp at age 50)
males have a slow increase, never to the extent of females though |
|
Definition
| what happens to gonadotropin release with age in females? in males? |
|
|
Term
| this causes sleep distrubences and hot flashes due to spillover to hypothalamic thermoregulatory neurons (NOT LH) |
|
Definition
| as women go through menopause, there is loss of feedback inhibition of the hypothalmus/petuitary, what does this cause? |
|
|
Term
| they decrease(lose ability to produce progesterone) |
|
Definition
| as there is a decrease in estrogen with menopause, what happens to the progesterone receptors? |
|
|
Term
good: protects against fractures & colo-rectal cancers
bad: maybe increased risk of CAD, risk of breast cancer, venous thromboembolism, stroke, cholycystitis, dmentia, lower global cognitive funtion |
|
Definition
| in hormone replacement therapy, what are the benefits/risks of E plus P? |
|
|
Term
| to prevent endometrial cancer (unnecessary if you had a hystorectomy) |
|
Definition
| why is progesterone given to post-menopausal women? |
|
|
Term
good: protective against fractures
bad: no CAD benefit, venous thromboembolism, stroke, dementia, lower global cognitive funtion |
|
Definition
| in hormone replacement therapy, what are the benefits/risks of just E? |
|
|
