Term
| All variation of menstrual cycle happens in the ___ ___ phase aka the uterus/oviduct ___ phase. The ___ phase aka ____ phase is fixed. |
|
Definition
- follicular aka proliferative
- luteal aka secretory |
|
|
Term
| Women’s borns with tons of primordial follicles. During reproduction age, 10-20 primordial follicles start maturing each month(signal to mature starts 2 cycles before), eventually big enough an antrum forms filled with fluid= graffian follicle, then nat middle of cycle under influence of estrogen and LH, enzymes digest edge of graafian follicle> egg is released into peritoneal cavity (ovulation)> picked up by fimbriae of fallopian tubes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spike in LH is called what and causes what? |
|
Definition
- ovulatory surge
- ovulation
- stimuulates theca cells and granulosa cells to divide and fill up the empty cavity forming the corpus luteum
- corpus luteum degrades in 9-10 days= luteolysis> white scarr tissue called corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
| The spike in LH is called what and causes what? |
|
Definition
- ovulatory surge
- ovulation
- stimuulates theca cells and granulosa cells to divide and fill up the empty cavity forming the corpus luteum
- corpus luteum degrades in 9-10 days= luteolysis> white scarr tissue called corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
| main product of the corpus luteum is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the first half, aka the ovarian follicular/uterine proliferative, the main product of the ovary is ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main product during the luteal phase is ___, but there is still a little ___ to keep up development of the uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vasiduous (lining of uterus), is supplied by arteries that become ___ towards the end of the ___ phase. Eventually, they constrict to the point of cutting off the blood supply to the uterine lining, so the ____ layer sluffs off but the pits are left behind. During the ___ phase you grow this layer back and develop blood vessels again. Blood vessels become tortuous in the luteal phase. |
|
Definition
- tortuous
- luteal
- vasiduous
- follicular |
|
|
Term
| primordial follicles> primary follicles> Graafian follicles> ovulation> corpus hemorrhagicum> corpus lutem> corpus albicans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During menstruation, the outer part of the oviduct is lost, but it grows back with ___ during the ___/___ phase. ___ become active during the ___/__ phase to help the egg move down to the uterus, they also secrete ___ ___ which contains CHOs, sugars, and amino acids. |
|
Definition
- cilia
- follicular/ proliferative
- Cilia
- luteal/secretory
- uterine milk |
|
|
Term
| In early parts of the cycle while follicles are maturing, ___ keeps LH and FSH low. But in the middle of the ____/___ phase, there is a switch in which ___ stimulates, instead of inhibiting, release of LH and FSH. So ___ gets released, goes to the ovary and stimulates production of more estrogen, so you get a gradually developing positive feeback b/w __ and __. Then you get the preovulatory surge in ___ which triggers the wall of the ___ follicle to break down and ___ occurs. Then LH ___ after ovulation b/c no more blood supply to follicle so no more ___, so you cut positive feedback. Then the follicle becomes the ___ ___, secreting mostly ___, which is an ___ to the uterus and stimulates ___ ___, while estrogen continues growth of the uterus. |
|
Definition
- estrogen
- follicular/proliferative
- estrogen
- LH
- estrogen and LH
- LH
- graafian
- ovulation
- decreases
- estrogen
- corpus luteum
- progesterone
- anesthetic
- secretory phase |
|
|
Term
| During the early follicular phase there is lots of ___ stimulating follicles to mature. Follicles grow and produce and swim in ___ and the follicles have ___ receptors. At this time __ is inhibiting ___ release while stimulating follicular growth. Then during the ____ phase FSH is still falling, and more and more ___ is being made collectively by the follicles, which results in the ___ surge of ___> 19 follicles go through atresia b/c not enough ___, and one follicle gets ovulated. |
|
Definition
- FSH
- estrogen
- estrogen
- estrogen
- FSH
- midfollicular
- estrogen
- preovulatory surge in LH
- FSH |
|
|
Term
| Pass middle of folicular phase estrogen becomes stimulatory to LH. Follicles get LH receptors and make more estrogen (postive feed back)> culminates in one follicle growing> surge of LH> ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progesterone is universally ___ to the pituitary, so it inhibits release of __ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Luteal phase is fixed at __days. So if you don't get pregnant, then ___ will occur, which ___ are involved with (these will cause abortion if pregnant). |
|
Definition
- 14
- luteolysis
- prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| There is a very important relationship b/w the uterineovarian vein and the ovarian artery that communicates whether or not uterus is pregant. If not pregnant ___ lyse the corpus luteum. But if you are pregnant, the conceptus sends a signal to the ovary to save the __ __. |
|
Definition
- prostaglandins
- corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| When you're pregnant, at some point LH isn't enough anymore for the corpus luteum, so ___ ___ ____ (__) is produced by ___ cells around the outside of the developing egg |
|
Definition
- human corianic gonadotropin (HCG)
- tropoblast cells |
|
|
Term
| Prior to implantation, the ___ produces its own weight in HCG every 24 hours to rescue the corpus luteum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So LH is very low when progesterone spikes with corpus luteum. LH is necessary for corpus luteum, just don’t need a lot of it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two types of cells in the follicle, __ cells and ___ cells, and both are needed to make steroids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the three types of estrogens: |
|
Definition
E1. Estrone, primary estrogen in post-menopausal women
E2. 17-B-Estradiol- main one in cycling women
E3. Estriol- additional estrogen made exclusively during pregnancy, placental estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Effects of estrogen during cycle: |
|
Definition
- proliferation and motility of oviducts and uterus
- promote motility of uterus
- causes elastic cervical mucus to form that allows passage of sperm
- highest in the middle of the cycle when ovulation occurs> optimum time to let sperm in
- if mucous dries on the slide like a fern= ferning, then it is this type of mucous |
|
|
Term
| Chronic estrogen effects: |
|
Definition
- causes uterus and vagina to grow
- maintains inner lining of vagina, so postmenopause this can be a problem with friction= cornification-inside of vagina isn't as tough b/c lack of estrogen so friction hurts
- female physique
- pigmentation of nipples and areola
- development of breast ducts and stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- skeletal growth
- growth plate closure
- follicular growth in ovaries
- uterine and oviduct growth |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine effects of estrogens: |
|
Definition
- increases amount of hormone binding globulins
- involved with positive and negative feedback on pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen effects in blood: |
|
Definition
- proclotter
- vasodilator- protective affect against CHD before menopause |
|
|
Term
| What does the uterus do to get ready for parturition: |
|
Definition
- estrogen causes increase in oxytocin recptors
- estrogen increases prostaglandin synthetase towards the end of pregnancy to increase prostaglandins> contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- progesterone
- 17hydroxyprogesterone |
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum secretes : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As pregnancy progresses, the uterus secretes more and more ___, so ____ becomes less and less b/c thats from corpus luteum, and corpus luteum is less and less important. |
|
Definition
- progesterone
- 17hydroxyprogesterone |
|
|
Term
| cyclic progesterins cause: |
|
Definition
- secretions and decidualization of the oviduct and uterus
- small increase in core temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progesterone causing uterus and oviducts to save up stuff (CHOS, fat protein, etc. for the 9 months) |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone makes the cervical mucuous thick and impermeable to sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| progesterone feedback on the pituitary is always ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogens are ___ to uterus, progesterones are ___ to uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic effects of progesterone on uterus and breasts: |
|
Definition
- trophic and soothing to uterus
- develops alveoli for milk |
|
|
Term
| birth control pills prevent ___ surge, but does not prevent follicle maturation, so if skip pill can still ovulate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pregnancy- HCG production increases a lot a lot especially of beginning, this is basis of standard pregnancy test b/c so much in the blood it comes out in urine. Can tell on day 21-22 with good test. HCG is functially almot identical to LH, does the same things. HCG rescues corpus luteum and is measure to determine if pregnant or not. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As pregnancy progresses, more and more progesterone comes from uterus, and at about week 10 all of progesterone comes from here and can take out ovary if necessary for some reason. Prog always higher than estrogen, but reach a point when influence of estrogen is greatery> oxytocin receptors increase on uterus, then positive feedback with estrogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Placenta makes human corionic somatomammaotropin later on in pregnancy, what does it do? |
|
Definition
- growth hormone like hormone that stimulates production of free fatty acids for mom's use, so baby can use glucose
- prolactin like hormone that synergizes with prolactin to stimulate breast development in preparation for lactation |
|
|
Term
| When its time for delivery, ___ and ___ fall, and then the ___ is delivered. These steroids have been inhibiting lactation by inhibiting ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- estrogen and progesterone fall
- placenta
- prolactin and human corionic somatomammotropin |
|
|
Term
| Neuroendocrine reflex of breast feeding: |
|
Definition
- baby suckles> oxytocin and prolactin released
- prolactin triggers synthesis of milk, burst of prolactin is for tomorrows milk , not todays
- oxytocin moves milk in |
|
|
Term
| main difference b/w cow's milk and mom's milk: |
|
Definition
| mom's milk has lactoglobulin- antibodies= passive immunity for new born's GI tract |
|
|
Term
| another role of oxytocin: |
|
Definition
| released when breast feeding and bonds baby to mom |
|
|
Term
| As child gonadtropin are low and don’t change much b/w day and night. In puberty you get increase at night. In adult its continous. In mid-cycle you get the surge. Post menopausal you have continously elevated gonadotropins so pituitary constantly stimulated. |
|
Definition
|
|
