Term
| ketone bodies can enter into glycolysis or the TCA cycle. Glyercol from fat can enter into glycolysis. Fatty acids can enter into the TCA cycle. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In gluconeogenesis ____ __ ____ is responsible for converting glucose-6-phosphate into glucose. This only happens in the liver. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Glycerol can be used for gluconeogenesis by being converted to ___ ___ ___ by ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- glycerol kinase |
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Term
| amino acids and lactate can be used for gluconeogenesis by being converted to ___ in the ___. Then the pyruvate goes into the ___ where it is made into ___ via ___ ___. Then ___ is converted to ___ and carrried back to the cytoplasm, where it is converted back to ____. |
|
Definition
- pyruvate in the cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- oxaloacetate
- pyruvate decarboxylase
- oxaloacetate
- malate
- oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of transamination: |
|
Definition
| alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate = pyruvate+ glutamate |
|
|
Term
| where does transamination occur: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Transamination produces ___ which combines with CO2 to make ___. This goes into the blood and goes to the ___ where it gets excreted as urine. |
|
Definition
- NH3 (ammonia)
- urea
- kidney |
|
|
Term
| Transamination is also known as ___ ____. The products of transamination are a ___ ___ and an __ ___. |
|
Definition
- oxidative deamination
- keto-acid
- amino acid
- urea |
|
|
Term
| amino acids can be classified as ___ or ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List the three amino acids that are glycogenic and ketogenic? |
|
Definition
- tryptophan
- phenylalanine
- tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| what is the only amino acid that is purely ketogenic? |
|
Definition
- leucine
- leucine can make acetyl coA |
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Term
| Once exercise is over, lactate can go to the ___ and be converted to ___ and then be used to make ___ via the ___ __ in the __. |
|
Definition
- liver
- pyruvate
- glucose
- Cori cycle
- liver |
|
|
Term
| enzyme in the liver that converts lactate to pyruvate: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pyruvate + glutamate >> (alanine transaminase)>> alpha-ketoglutarate + alanine
- alanine travels to liver and combines with alpha-ketoglutarate and via alanine transaminase reproduces pyruvate
- then the pyruvate can be made into glucose |
|
|
Term
| glucose yields ___ ATP. Palmitate yields ___ ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| summary of fatty acid metabolism : |
|
Definition
| triglyceride in adipose tissue >> (lipolysis)>> FFA in blood >>transported to liver and extrahepatic tissues in an SA complex>>in liver and extrahepatic tissues FFA>> acetyl coA for energy or biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| what predominates in blood in a fasted state? |
|
Definition
- AMP
- phosphodiesterase
- glucagon |
|
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Term
| In a fasted state, ___ ___ ___ is phosphorylated, and thus activated, to break down triglycerides into 3 free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Definition
| - hormone sensitive lipase |
|
|
Term
| when a triglyceride is broken down, what bonds are broken? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lipolysis is similar to blood coagulation b/c both have cascade of events. List these events: |
|
Definition
| - hormone receptor interaction>active adenylate cyclase> ATP gets converted to cAMP > active protein kinase> active protein kinase activates triacylglycerol lipase> triacylglcyerol lipase breaks down triglycerides |
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Term
| The release of each fatty acid in lipolysis causes acceleration of the process |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In lipolysis, only the removal of the first fatty acid is hormonally regulated. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Human body does not want to do gluconeogenesis and glycolysis at the same time, thats why we have alternating levels of insulin and glucagon. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the liver, acyl-coA in the cytoplasm can be made into ____ and ___. ___ ___ has to move acyl coA into the mitochondria from the cytoplasm. Once acyl coA is in the mitochondria in liver, __ ___ converts it to __ __. |
|
Definition
- glycerolipids
- sphingolipids
- Carnitine acyl-transferase
- beta-oxidation
- acetyl coA |
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-coA produced by beta oxidation in the liver can be used for what? |
|
Definition
- TCA cycle and yield energy and CO2
- ketogenesis to make ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| Ketone bodies are only made in the ___. Ironically though, ketone bodies cannot be used by the __. |
|
Definition
- liver
- liver
KETONE BODIES ARE MADE IN THE LIVER, BUT CANNOT BE USED BY THE LIVER. |
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|
Term
| major pathways using acetyl coA are the ___ __ and ___ ___ ___. Fatty acid synthesis is preferred in the __ state and happens in the ___. |
|
Definition
- TCA cycle
- fatty acid synthesis
- fed
- cytosol |
|
|
Term
| In the fasted state when acetyl coA accumulates in the ___, it is converted to ___ ___ by ___, an overflow pathway. |
|
Definition
- mitochondria
- ketone bodies
- ketogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acetoacetate
- beta- hydroxybutytrate
- acetone |
|
|
Term
| what tissues use ketone bodies efficiently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ketone body oxidation happen in ___ tissues. List order. |
|
Definition
- extrahepatic tissues
3-hydroxybutyrate>>acetoacetate>>acetyl-coA |
|
|
Term
| fatty acids are oxidized for energy via beta oxidation to produce acetyl coA. If too much acetyl coA builds up, ketone bodies will be made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin is very important in slowing down ____. But in diabetics, ___ is always going on b/c no insulin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Mechanisms of Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism: |
|
Definition
1. availability of fatty acids from triglyceride lypolisis
2. transport of fatty acyl coA into mitochondria
3. availability of coenzymes (NAD and FAD) to promote beta oxidation. |
|
|
Term
| alcohol uses up conezyme A and prevent beta oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does pyruvate get converted to acetyl coA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the building block of lipogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta oxidation happens in the ___. Lipogenesis happens in the ___. |
|
Definition
- mitochondria
- cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Because most of the acetyl coA is made in the mitochondria, it has to be transported to the cytosol in the form of ___ in order to be used for fatty acid synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If citrate is generated b/c lots of acetyl coA, then ____ is occuring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both lipolysis and lipogenesis start with ___ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So if your breaking down fat and acetyl coA builds up, ___ will occur. But if you just ate a lot and there is a lot of acetyl co A then ____ will occur. |
|
Definition
- ketogenesis
- lipogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acts to bring acetyl coA into cytoplasm for lipogenesis
- oxaloacetate + acetyl coA>> citrate>> citrate goes from mitochondria to cytosol>> citrate breaks into acetyl coA and oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| coenzymes needed for lipolysis/beta oxidation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid synthesis (acetyl coA> malonyl coA) is a ____ reaction. |
|
Definition
- carboxylase reaction
(acetyl coA carboxylase makes malonyl coA from acetyl coA) |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| - formation of malonyl coA via acetyl coA carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| chain growth of fatty acids proceeds by additions of 2 carbon unit derived from malonyl coA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| citrate, protein phosphatase, and acetyl coA carboxylase are the rate limiting steps in fatty acid synthesis, explain. |
|
Definition
- citrate bring acetyl coA into cytoplasm causes activation of acetyl coA carboxylase, thus they are both rate limiting
- protein phosphatase also activates aceetyl coA carboxylase be dephosphorylatioin |
|
|
Term
| what are the regulators of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
- citrate
- protein phosphatase
- acetyl coA carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ encourages storage of carbohydrates as fat by dephoshporylating and thus activating acetyl coA carboxylase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ ___ ___ inactivates acetyl coA carboxylase. ,this can be signaled by __ and ___ so that storage of fat is stopped. This inactivation uses ___. |
|
Definition
- cAMP dependent protein kinase
- glucagon
- epinephrine
- ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- amino acids
- lipids
- simple sugars |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon encourages what processes: |
|
Definition
- gluconeogenesis
- adipose tissue lipolysis
- glycogenolysis
- catabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| Insulin encourages what pathways? |
|
Definition
- glycolysis
- glycogen synthesis
- lipogenesis
- Biosynthetic anabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| Glycogenolysis happens in the muscle and liver, but only the liver can contribute to blood glucose. Glycogenolysis in the liver can maintain blood glucose for the first two hours of the fasted state to prevent reliance on amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle glycogen is used for fight or flight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short Term Regulation of fatty acid synthesis via acetyl coA carboxylase: |
|
Definition
- citrate: allosteric activator
- long chain acyl coAs: allosteric inhibition
- insulin: enhancement
- dephosphorylation: enhancement
- glucagon: inhibition
- phosphorylation (cAMP): inhibition |
|
|
Term
| what is an allosteric inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| would phosphorylation enhance or inhibit fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
- inhibit
DEPHOSPHORYLATION ENHANCES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS. |
|
|
Term
| Long term regulation of acetyl coA carboxylase for fatty acid synthesis: |
|
Definition
- high carbohydrate diet: enhanced enzyme synthesis, increase FA synthesis
- low fat diet: enhanced enzyme synthesis, increased FA synthesis
- high fat diet: decreased enzyme synthesis
- fasting: decreased enzyme synthesis
- glucagon: decreased enzyme synthesis |
|
|
Term
GLUT 2 transporters are found where?
GLUT 1 transporters are found where? |
|
Definition
- GLUT-2: liver
- GLUT-1: blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step with beta oxidation? |
|
Definition
- CPTI: carnitine palmityl transferase: brings fatty acid and carnitine into mitochondria for beta oxidation
- CPTI is inhibited by malonyl coA |
|
|
Term
| what inhibits the rate limiting step of beta oxidation and why is this important? |
|
Definition
- malonyl coA inhibits CPTI of beta oxidation
- this is significant b/c malonyl coA is an intermediate unique to fatty acid synthesis
- thus malonyl coA prevents oxidation and synthesis from happening at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increased facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells
- enhances glucose conversion to fat and glycogen
- inhibits lipolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - decreased blood glucose and increased amino acids> alpha cells of pancreas> glucagon> stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown)> increased levels of glucose and insulin in plasma, increased levels of fatty acids in plasma, fat used by tissue cells which further increases blood glucose> increased blood glucose inhibits alpha cells of pancreas |
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