Term
| LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES |
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Definition
#1: cardiovascular disease-heart attack and stroke
#2: cancer
#5: diabetes
cvd and cancer account for 2/3 of all deaths in US |
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Term
| second leading cause of death in US |
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Definition
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Definition
| at least 300,000 deaths annually: physical inactivity and poor dieting |
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Definition
| death from cardiovascular disease has decreased/cancer has increased |
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Definition
| is ineffective if individual does not change lifestyle |
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Definition
death from heart disease:8%
cancer:4%
main causes were:infectious disease.flu.tuberculosis.pneumonia. |
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| Reasons for differences in causes of death: |
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Definition
1.improved sanitation[purified water systems][sewers]
2.improvement in medicine
3.natural elimination of diseases
4.lifestyle[cancer/heart disease take long to develop] |
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Term
EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency) |
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Definition
| approve and regulate chemicals to protect environment and living organisms./they sometimes overlook certain chemicals that are used and harmful to humans. |
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Definition
| an estimate of how long one will live on average |
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Definition
| how long the population can survive; has not changed drastically since 1900. |
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Term
| Physiological Age can be reduced by... |
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Definition
| sleep.food intake.exercise.not smoking.moderate alcohol consumption.controlling stress. |
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Term
| 3 major macronutrients... |
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Definition
FAT...9cal/gram
WHOLE GRAINS...4cal/gram
PROTEINS...4cal/gram |
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Term
| Typical American diets, in comparison with a high-fiber, low-fat, moderate protein diet... |
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Definition
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Term
| Most chronic diseases are caused by... |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules that help the body communicate |
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Term
| Body cells communicate with eacother by... |
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Definition
| via hormones, action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| is a nerve impulse that changes the permeability of the cell membrane |
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Term
| Levels of structural organization |
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Definition
1.Chemical-Atomic and Molecular
Atoms: basic building blocks
2. CELLULAR
cell:basic unit of living organisms
3. TISSUE
cells form tissues
4. ORGAN
-made up of 2 or more tissues
-ex. the heart[muscle, connective tissue, blood vessel tissue]
5.SYSTEM
-organs
-cardiovascular (blood, heart, vessels)
-skeletal
6.Organism
-whole individual or animal |
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Definition
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| a dynamic balance where the body adjusts to its environment |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
are manufactured by translation[mRNA transcript is used to construct a protein]-occurs at the ribosome
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Definition
| enzymes..cytoskeleton..hormones...antibodies...receptors..channels..transporters...pumps |
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Definition
| regulated by the release of insulin and glucagon; liver releases glucose, therby increasing blood glucose. |
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Term
| Maintenence of Homeostasis... |
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Definition
| critical for normal health b/c it regulates nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems; allows bodys systems to communicate |
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| hyperglycemia is associated with... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| for proper brain function, derived from carbohydrates |
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Definition
a complex disease characterized by abnormal cell division which results in tumor formation
-growth genes-tumors form from uncontrolled division of cells |
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Definition
| non-cancerous and slow growing/can be surgically removed |
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Term
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Definition
| -cancerous-cells multiply rapidly/kill cells/spread to body tissues |
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Term
| excercise can reduce cancer... |
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Definition
| reducing fat...fat stimulates cancer growth/colon..breast cancer associated with low levels of physical activity |
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Term
| Hormones can affect cancer growth.... |
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Definition
| bc it is a carcinogen and can damage DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations and cause cancer; smoking.hormones.
they cause cancer by producing reactive free radicals, molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage DNA. ANTIOXIDANTS can block this effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| linked to estrogen...dietary changes... |
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Term
| FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO BREAST CANCER... |
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Definition
-diet..
-lifestyle
-obesity
-estrogen
-dietary fibers
-age.older.post menstrual |
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Term
| HORMONE REPLACEMENT IS NOT RECCOMMENDED FOR MOST WOMEN... |
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Definition
| because it can sometimes increase the likelehood of getting cancer |
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Term
| DETECTING CANCER EARLY...breast cancer |
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Definition
| self-exams.physican exams.mammograms(start age 35-40) |
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Term
prostate cancer
RISK FACTORS |
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Definition
-older men 60+
-obesity and a high-fat diet
-ethnicity
-if detected early can be removed |
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Term
| DIET AND EXERCISE FOR PROSTATE CANCER... |
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Definition
| men on a low fat diet and regular exercise see no change in testorsterone but 50%decrease in estrogen...!!(hormone linked disease) |
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Term
| Early detection of prostate cancer... |
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Definition
rectal exam at age 40.
PSA TEST. age 50.
biopsy to see if there is maglinancy.
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Term
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Definition
| the protein that decrease prostate cancer growth |
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Term
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Definition
| more common in the US and Canada bc we consume more fat in our diets than other countries do |
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Term
| A diet high in fat increases the risk of colon cancer... |
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Definition
| b/c a high fat diet increases the amount of anerobic bacteria in the intestines affects the colon/rectal cancer/ produces more bile. bile is a promoter of tumor growth. |
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Term
| REDUCE THE RISK OF CANCER... |
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Definition
1.avoid tabacco products
2.avoid prolonged exposure to sun
3.eat a low fat diet
4. consume a diet high in fruits and vegetables (antioxidants and fibers)
5.avoid environmental areas that are high in toxic chemicals and pollutants
6.participate in regular exercise
7.avoid excessive alcohol consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| are produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder,and used to help break down dietary fat in the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
caused by a lack of estrogen[more calcium, undereating,not enough cal intake]
-dietary calcium
-lack of regular exercise
-excessive protein intake[postmenoposual women]
-excessive alcohol intake
-diabetes
-medications
-lack of vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive loss of calcium from the bones/exercise helps strengthen bones and can prevent osteoperosis |
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Term
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Definition
osteoblasts: when blood calcium level is high
osteoclasts:when blood calcium level is low |
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Term
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Definition
osteoarthritis: degeneration of the articular cartilage
Gouty Arthritis:
Result of Uric acid crystals deposited in cartliage of joints/dna breakdown/genetic link
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
genetically inherited/auto-immune/bodys own immune system attacks joint tissue and causes inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
about 40% of deaths in the US are due to cardiovascular disease
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Term
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Definition
| heart stops receiving oxygen, heart cells die resulting in heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which fatty material collects along walls of arteries, fatty material hardens and may eventually block the arteries |
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Term
| Major Risk Factors For Coronary Artery Disease |
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Definition
-diabetes-heavy alcohol use-high blood pressure-high blood cholesterol levels-high fat diet-increasing age-obesity-personal or family history of heart disease-smoking
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Term
LDL
low density lipoprotein |
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Definition
gets into the artery wall[artherosclerosis]
-"bad"cholesterol |
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Term
HDL
High density Lipoprotein |
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Definition
"good cholesterol"
picks up excess cholesterol and takes it to the liver where it can be excreted from the body. |
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Term
| Heart recieves blood supply |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is homeostatically regulated in the bloodstream |
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Term
| Risk Factors for Artherosclerosis |
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Definition
| plasma cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, cigarette smoking, hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation |
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Term
| High Fiber, Low Fat diet... |
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Definition
| ones plasma cholesterol level appears to have a stabilizing effect. |
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Term
NCEP
[National Cholesterol Education Program] |
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Definition
| created to educate individuals on the importance of cholesterol in the diet, and doctors provide guideline for lowering cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
step 1:<30% cal from fat
<10%cal from sat fat
<300mg cholesterol
step2: <30%cal from fat
<70%cal from sat fat
<200mg cholesterol
*does not provide maximum benefit bc the only way to properly achieve this diet would be to starve yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
| help reduce cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in cholesterol levels & progression of plaque |
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Term
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Definition
elevated blood pressure...
bp >140/90
pre hypertension:
bp>120/80
-due to lifestyle not aging process
-lack of exercise and poor diet
cause is unknown
-secondary.cause kown:10%people have secondary |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in endothelial cells/cause arterioles to relax/N O allows for vasolidation of the arteries (muscle relaxation) |
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Term
| Exercise lowers blood pressure... |
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Definition
| bc insulin sensitivity is enhanced, increase N O, and decreases sympathetic nervous system activity |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a decrease in the amount of nitric oxide available |
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Term
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Definition
| when the arteries increase in diameter, and there is a decrease in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
*fasting blood glucose >12 mg/dL
*non-fasting blood glucose
> 200mg/dL
*affects 24mill ppl 8% in the US |
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Term
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Definition
10% of diabetics
-teenage years
-lack of insulin secretion
-auto immune disease that leads to destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin |
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Term
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Definition
*non-insulin dependent
*90%of diabetics
adults..now seen in children
-insulin target tissues(muscle and liver)..are resistant to the hormone
...many take insulin
-obesity sometimes |
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Term
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Definition
hormone that causes cells to absorb glucose from the blood stream
-increases glucose transport out of th blood and into the muscle
-helps store glycogen in the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| causes release of glucose from liver to bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| typeII diabetes..genetic factors...insulin does not fnction optimally and hyperinsulinemia results....pancreas cannot produce enough insulin; injections needed |
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