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| a metabolically produced chemical substance released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons, it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other distant cells reached via the blood; and is effective at very low concentrations |
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| (ductless glands) secretory cells organized into discrete organs |
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| peptide growth factors or hormones that function within cells in addition to performing traditional, hormonal, paracrine, or autocrine functions |
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| when hormones are converted to a more active form after secretion |
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| synthesized from cholesterol, are lipid soluble |
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| peptide and protein hormones |
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| soluble in aqueous solutions |
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| modified amino acids (melatonin, catecholamines, and iodothyronines) |
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| the vertebrate hormone that lowers the concentration of blood glucose by stimulating cells to take up glucose (and amino acids) from the blood |
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| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes |
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| transport cholesterol to cells throughout the body |
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| High density lipoprotein (HDL) complexes |
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| carry cholesterol away from cells to the liver |
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| Pancreatic endocrine cells |
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Definition
| are clustered in the islets of Langerhans, which are embedded in the pancreatic exocrine tissue that secretes digestive enzymes |
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| endocrine cells grouped into distinct glands |
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| endocrine cells that are scattered |
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| (nonneural) endocrine cells |
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| release hormones called neurohormones |
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| an anatomically distinct site for the release of neurohormones |
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| Control of Endocrine Systems |
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Definition
| The Vertebrate Pituitary Gland. The pituitary gland lies immediately below the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| The posterior pituitary illustrates neural control of neurosecretory cells. posterior pituitary is a down growth of the brain |
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| floor of the hypothalamus (segment of Posterior pituitary gland) |
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| nervous part (also called neural lobe or posterior lobe) (segment of Posterior pituitary gland) |
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| interconnecting segment (segment of Posterior pituitary gland) |
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| (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) limits production of urine and also stimulates constriction of arterioles (peptide hormones released by the Pars nervosa) |
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| causes contraction of the uterus during birth and ejection of milk. These hormones are actually produced by two paired clusters of cells within the hypothalamus (peptide hormones released by the Pars nervosa) |
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Definition
| posterior pituitary connection illustrates one form of control of endocrine function: neural control of neurosecretory cells |
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| hormones that affect endocrine glands |
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Definition
| (tropins) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle – stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| hyophyseal portal system provides an interface between the brain and much of the endocrine system |
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| when the secretions of one endocrine gland act on another in sequence |
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| a class of steroid hormones secreted in response to stress |
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| the main glucocorticoid produced in humans |
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| the main glucocorticoid produced in rats and iguanas |
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| when one hormone can amplify the effect of another |
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| the presence of one hormone is required for the other to exert an effect |
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| one hormone opposes the action of another |
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| a hormone secreted by the A cells in the islets; it functions to oppose the actions of insulin |
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| an adaptation that allows an animal to respond immediately in a generalized way to a threatening situation |
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| energy mobilization hypothesis |
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| glucocorticoids should be secreted maximally during periods of the year when energy demands are the highest |
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| animals express different behaviors over the course of a year, and different behaviors require different amounts of glucocorticoids |
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| glucocorticoids prime the vascular, immune, cognitive , and metabolic systems in anticipation of stressors likely to occur during specific seasons |
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| the process where the liver breaks down glycogen |
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| the formation of new glucose molecules |
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| formed by connexon protein channels |
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| cell adhesion molecules (CAM S) |
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| play roles in signaling between adjacent cells |
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| paracrines and autocrines |
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| diffuse relatively short distances to influence cells in the local environment |
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| hormones and neurohormones |
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| specialized for long distance communication within the animal |
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| pheromones and kairomones |
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| chemical signals are used outside the animal |
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| exert their effects more slowly and for a longer duration than neurotransmitters |
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| peptides or proteins that control cell developmental and differentiation as well as the immune response |
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| lipid derived paracrine molecules involved in inflammation and allergic responses. Two classes: (1) leukotrienes and (2) prostanoids |
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| the periods between molts |
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