Term
| Cardiac output from the left side of the heart is ____ blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac output from the left side of the heart is ____ blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Valve dividing left A. from left V.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Valve dividing left V. from Aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| Valve dividing Right A. from Right V.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Valve dividing Right V. from Pulmonary Artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteries are under ____ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The blood volume contained in the Arteries is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are the site of the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are the smallest branches of the arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arteriolar Resistance (Arterioles) is regulated by the ______. |
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Definition
| ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) |
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Term
| ________ receptors are found on the arterioles of the skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ receptors are found on the arterioles of skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ have the largest total cross-sectional and surface area. |
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Definition
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Term
| Venules are formed from _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Veins are under ____ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The blood volume contained in the veins is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Velocity of blood flow equation: _______. |
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Definition
v = Q/A
Q= Blood Flow (mL/min)
A= Cross sectional area |
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Term
| Velocity of blood flow is directly proportional to ______ and inversely proportional to ________. |
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Definition
Blood Flow
Cross Sectional Area |
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Term
| Who has higher cross sectional area, aorta or capillaries? |
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Definition
| Capillaries so blood flow is slower there |
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Term
| Cardiac Output aka ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac Output (Flow) can be calculated using the equation: ________. |
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Definition
Q = Delta P/R
Delta P = Pressure Gradient
R = Resistance
Cardiac Output = (Mean Arterial Pressure - Right Atrial Pressure)/ Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) |
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Term
| The equation for blood flow (cardiac output) is analogous to Ohm's Law for electrical circuits: ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ drives blood flow. |
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Definition
| Delta P, the pressure Gradient |
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Term
| Blood flows from ____ pressure to _____ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Flow is inversely proportional to the _________ of blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does length of a blood vessel, increase or decrease resistance (R)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does radius of a blood vessel, increase or decrease resistance (R)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does viscosity of blood, increase or decrease resistance (R)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance is inversely proportional to the ____ power of the radius of the vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ resistance is illustrated by system circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| In parallel resistance of system circulation, each organ is supplied by a branch of f of the _____, so total resistance is = to _____. |
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Definition
Aorta
1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ... |
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Term
| The total resistance is ___ than the resistance of any of the individual arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an artery is added in parallel, the total resistance _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In each parallel artery the pressure is ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Series Resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of vessels ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The formula for total series resistance as seen within a organ is ______. |
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Definition
| Rtotal = Rartery + Rarteriole + Rcapillaries |
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Term
| Rartery, Rarteriole, Rcapillaries, which has the highest resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each blood vessel (artery) or set of blood vessels (capillaries) in series receives the same _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is streamlined (in a straight line); _____ flow is not. |
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Definition
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow |
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Term
| _____ predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Reynolds number is increased there is a greater tendency for ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Turbulence results in audible vibrations called, _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that increase turbulence & therefore Reynolds Number: ________. |
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Definition
Decrease in blood viscosity
Increase in blood Velocity |
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Term
| A decrease in blood viscosity can result from a (increase/decrease) in hematocrit, or from the condition ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hematocrit is the % of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a consequence of the fact that blood travels at different velocities within a blood vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| Shear results in the velocity of blood being ____ at the vessel wall and _____ at the center of the vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| Shear is highest at the _______, where the difference in blood velocity is the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Shear is lowest at the _______, where blood velocity is ______. |
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Definition
center of the vessel
constant |
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Term
| Capacitance (Compliance) describes the ______ of blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capacitance (Compliance) is inversely related to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The greater the amount of elastic tissue, the higher the _____ and the lower the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capacitance can be calculated from the formula: _____. |
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Definition
C = V/P
C=Capacitance
V=Volume
P=Pressure |
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Term
| Capacitance is directly proportional to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capacitance describes how much _____ change in response to a change in ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capacitance is much greater for _____ than for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because the Capacitance is higher for veins than arteries, more blood volume is contained in the ______ (______ Volume) than in the _______ (_____ Volume) |
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Definition
Veins
unstressed volume
arteries
stressed volume |
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Term
| Changes in the Capacitance of veins produce changes in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in Capacitance (decreases/increases) unstressed volume & (decreases/increases) stressed volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in Capacitance decreases unstressed volume & increases stressed volume, causing a shift in blood volume from ______ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capacitance (decreases/increases) with age. |
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Definition
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Term
| As a person ages and Capacitance decreases the arteries become _____. |
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Definition
| stiffer and less distensible |
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Term
| As blood flows through the systemic circulation, pressure _____ progressively because of the _____ to blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure is highest in the ______ and lowest in the _____. |
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Definition
aorta/ large arteries
Venae Cavae |
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Term
| The largest decrease in pressure occurs across the ______, because they are the site of ________. |
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Definition
arterioles
highest resistance |
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Term
| Resistance causes a ____ in pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ pressure is pulsatile. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterial is not _____ during the cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of Arterial Pressure: ____ & _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Systolic Pressure is the (lowest/highest) arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Systolic Pressure is measured when? |
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Definition
| After the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system |
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Term
| Diastolic Pressure is the (lowest/highest) arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diastolic Pressure is measured when? |
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Definition
| When the heart is relaxed (diastole) and blood is returned to the heart via the veins |
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Term
| Pulse Pressure is _______. |
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Definition
| The difference between Systolic & Diastolic pressure |
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Term
| The most important determinant of Pulse Pressure is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| As blood is ejected from the Left Ventricle into the arterial system, arterial pressure _____ because of the relatively ____ capacitance of arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diastolic Pressure (changes/ doesn't change) during ventricular systole. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ventricular systole the pulse pressure increase to the same extent as the _______, because ______. |
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Definition
systolic pressure
because diastolic pressure remains unchanged during systole |
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Term
| Decreases in capacitance as with aging, can cause a (decrease/increase) in pulse pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mean Arterial Pressure is the average Arterial Pressure with respect to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mean Arterial Pressure can be calculated approximately as: ________. |
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Definition
| Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure |
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Term
| Venous Pressure is very _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The veins have a (high/low) capacitance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The veins have a high capacitance & therefore can hold ____ volumes of blood and low pressures. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atrial Pressure is (lower/higher) than venous pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Left Atrial pressure is estimated by the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| P wave represents ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| PR interval is the interval from ________. |
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Definition
| Interval from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the Q wave |
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Term
| Q wave represents ______. |
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Definition
| Initial depolarization of the ventricle |
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Term
| PR interval varies with the conduction velocity through the ______. |
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Definition
| AV (Atrioventricular) node |
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Term
| If AV (Atrioventricular) node conduction decreases (as in a ______), the PR interval ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| PR interval is decreased (Increased conduction velocity through the AV node) by stimulation of the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| PR interval is Increased (decreased conduction velocity through the AV node) by stimulation of the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| QRS complex represents _______. |
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Definition
| Depolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
| QT interval is the interval from the beginning of the ____ to the end of the _____. |
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Definition
| Q wave to the end of the T wave |
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Term
| ST segment is the segment from the end of the _____ to the beginning of the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ST segment represents the period when _______. |
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Definition
| The Ventricles are Depolarized |
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Term
| T wave represents ________. |
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Definition
| Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| The resting membrane potential for the heart is determined by the ____ to _+ and approaches the _______. |
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Definition
| conductance to K+ and approaches EK+ |
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Term
| Gap Junctions are present at the _____ of cardiac muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gap Junctions are ____-resistance paths between cells that allow for rapid electrical spread of APs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gap junctions account for the observation that the heart behaves as an _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who has more MT, skeletal or cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| T tubules are continuous with the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| T Tubules in cardiac m. invaginate the cells at the z lines and function to _____. |
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Definition
| carry AP into the cell interior |
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Term
| T Tubules are well developed in the _____, but poorly developed in the _____ of cardiac muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| T Tubules is cardiac m. form diads with the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| SR is the site of storage and release of Ca2+ for ______-_____ coupling. |
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Definition
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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