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| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| blood flows through network of blood vessels; all vertebrates have; intravascular volume of plasma and lymph; extravascular volume is interstitial; has other fluid compartments (coelomic, intraocular, cerebrospinal) |
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| system in which extracellular hemolymph bathes organs directly w/ oxygen and nutrients |
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| water next to membrane of cell |
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| water in between vicinal water and bound water |
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| desiccation tolerance in certain invertebrate animals (i.e., brine shrimp) |
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| process not requiring energy and metabolically inactive |
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| total number of moles of dissolved and osmotically active solutes per liter of solution |
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| number of moles of dissolved osmotically active solutes per kg of solvent |
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| relates osmolar concentration to molal concentration using the dissociation of ions |
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| extracellular fluid in open circulatory system; no separate "hemo" or "lymph"; no blood, just lymph; can collect in sinuses |
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Definition
| (stabilizing solutes); cause proteins to stay folded and completely precipitate out of solution |
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| (destabilizing solutes); affect tertiary and quaternary protein structure, causing protein to unfold |
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| trimethylamine oxide (stabilizing) and urea (destabilizing) |
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| as concentration of solutes in medium increases, blood conc. of solutes stays same |
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| does not actively exchange solutes with the environment, but keeps body fluids isotonic to the external environment by actively regulating their internal concentration of amino acids, ions, and proteins to match the osmolarity of the environment |
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| actively control salt concentrations despite the salt concentrations in the environment to control body osmolarity, which remains constant |
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Definition
| low ability to tolerate broad ranges of salt salinities (ex: corals) |
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| high ability to tolerate wide range of salinities (ex: animals that live in estuaries--Fundulus heteroclitus) |
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| equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of the cell (refers to inside of cell w/ respect to medium) |
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| outside of cell is more concentrated than inside; water flows out of cell |
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| inside of cell more concentrated than outside of cell; water flows inward |
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