Term
| Kidneys sythesize and secrete: |
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Definition
| renin, erythropoietin, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
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Term
| glomeruli in outer cortex, short loops of Henle, |
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Definition
| superficial cortical nephrons |
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Term
| glomeruli near corticomedullary border, long Henle loops, larger glomeruli, higher filtration rates, essential for urine concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| ultrafiltration occurs across: |
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Definition
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Term
| % Body weight is ECF (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-) |
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Definition
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Term
| % Body weight is ICF (K+, Mg+, Protein-, Organic Phosphate-) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Osmolarity of body fluids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| C= Urine Conc x Urine flow rate/ Plasma Conc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| incr renal arterial press -> incr fluid to macula densa -> constrxn of afferent arteriole |
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Definition
| tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Term
| incr press -> renal arterioles constrict |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RBF = Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)/1-hematocrit (frxn of blood vol occupied by plasma) |
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Term
| inulin is filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted by reanl tubules and its clearance measures... |
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Definition
| GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate) |
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Term
| Filtration across the glomerular capillaries is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dilation of afferent arteriole or constriction of the efferent arterioles causes... |
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Definition
| increase in Pgc (glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure) |
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Term
| constrxn of ureter causes... |
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Definition
| increase in Pbs (Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure) which -> decreases in GFR and net ultrafiltration pressure |
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Term
| increases along length of glomerular capillary b/c water filtration incr protein conc of glomerular capillary blood... |
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Definition
| Pi gc (Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Protein, Na, Gluc, Bicarb clearance rates |
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Definition
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Term
| glomerular marker w/ clearance equal to GFR |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| filtered load - excretion rate |
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Definition
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Term
| excretion rate - filtered load |
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Definition
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Term
| if filtered load is greater than excretion rate, then..., but if filtered load is less than excretion rate, then... |
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Definition
| net reabsortion/net secretion |
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Term
| region of glucose curve between threshold and Tm (250-350 mg/dl), represents excretion o fgluc in urine before saturation (Tm) is fully achieved |
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Definition
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Term
| Clearance; Cx/C inulin is > 1.0 the substance is filtered/secreted/both...give examples |
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Definition
| both filtered and secreted; organic acids and bases and sometimes K+ |
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Term
| In a person whose cardiac ouput is 5 l/min, the RBF is _____/min or _____/day. |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Vasoconstrictors (3) |
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Definition
| SNS Catecholamines; Angiotensin II; Endothelin |
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Term
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Definition
| PGE2; PGI2(Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibit synth of prostaglandins, interfering with the protective effects of prostaglandins on renal fxn following hemmorrhage); NO; Bradykinin; Dopamine(low dosage only) |
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Term
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Definition
[U] PAH x (Urine flow rate)/
[RA] PAH - [RV] PAH |
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Term
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Definition
| [U] PAH x Urine Volume/[P] PAH = C PAH, this underestimates true RPF by 10% |
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Term
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Definition
| RPF/1-Hct, where 1-Hct is fraction of blood volume occupied by plasma |
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Term
| Portion of blood filtered into Bowman's space is the ultrafiltrate which contains _____ and all of the ______, but not the _____ and ______. |
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Definition
| water, small solutes; protein, blood cells |
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Term
| GFR = (Kf) x (net ultrafiltration pressure) = |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Pi gc or Oncotic pressure in glomerular capillaries is determined by... |
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Definition
| protein concentration of glomerular capillary blood and it increases along the length of the capillary as fluid is filtered out |
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Term
| 1mmol CaCl2 dissolved in 1 L of water = _____ mosm/L |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins: Plasma ___, Interstitial ____, Cell ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| To treat patient in which water loss exceeds salt loss (Na is high, Hypersomotic dehydration), use... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1200 ml/min or 20% of cardiac output |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Condition with injury and inflammation to glomerulus and red cell in urine |
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Definition
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Term
| creatinine clearance is used as a glomerular marker to measure _______ which it slightly overestimates because it is secreted at a low level. |
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Definition
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Term
| Filtration fraction = _______ and its normal value is ___ % and thus increases in filtration fraction produce an increase in _______ concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Indomethacin blocks the synthesis of vasodilator ______, thus reducing_____ and ______. |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins; blood flow; GFR |
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Term
| Proximal tubule-resorption by Na/K ATPase of... |
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Definition
| Na (glucose, aa, phosphate, lactate, H+ by secondary active transport moved against conc gradient by taking a ride on the favorable Na gradient) |
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Term
| Proximal Tubule-substantial proportion of filtered _______ are reabsorbed by endocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Proximal tubule-Non-specific anion carrier secretes ...(11) |
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Definition
| urate, fatty acids, steroid hormones, bile salts, hippurates, chlorothiazides, sulfonylureas, bumetanide, penicillin, furosemide, salicylates |
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Term
| Proximal tubule-non-specific cation carrier secretes ... (3) |
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Definition
| creatinine, catechols, morphine |
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Term
| Late proximal tubule- _____ moves passively carrying with it _____ (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| Henle's Loop-Thin descending limb is _____ to water and relatively ______ to ions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Henle's Loop-Thin ascending limb is _____ to water but ____ is reabsorbed passively |
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Definition
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Term
| Henle's Loop-Thick ascending limb is only segment which actively reabsorbs _____ and the entire ascending limb is relatively _______ to water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Late distal tubule and collecting duct-alpha intercalated cell does ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Late distal tubule and collecting duct-principal cell does______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose reabsorption depends on _______ ________ which have a Tm based on the ________. |
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Definition
| saturable carriers; number of transporters |
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Term
| Na transport is/is not saturable in proximal tubule b/c the Tm for Na is _______ than the load of sodium and the main limitation for Na reabsorption in prox tubule is _______. |
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Definition
| is not; much higher; back leak of Na back into the tubular fluid. |
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Term
| If filtration rises momentarily, then tubular hydrostatic pressure _____, peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure ______ and peritubular oncotic pressure _____. |
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Definition
| rises, falls, rises and all three of these favor reabsorption in proximal tubule |
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Term
| With volume expansion there is a small rise in GFR but larger rise in fluid escaping filtration and thus peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure ______ and peritubullary capillary pressure ______. Both factors impede reabsorption, tubular flow increas |
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Definition
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Term
| Water reabsortion is _____ and it occurs by two methods: _____ and ______. |
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Definition
| passive; tight jxns; aquaporins |
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Term
| Glomerulotubular balance-if filtration were to increase, then the icreased hydrostatic pressure in the tubule would increase/decrease prox tubule reabsorption. Thus about ___ % of fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubuleeven when filtered load varies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reabsorption and secretion require... |
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Definition
| transporters in the membranes of the epithelial cells |
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Term
| Gluc reabsorption requires _______ across the luminal mb and _______ across the peritubular mb. |
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Definition
| Na-gluc coport; facilitated gluc transport |
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Term
| Splay is explained by ______ of the Na-gluc coporter and the ______ of nephrons. |
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Definition
| low affinity; heterogeneity (of Tm) |
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Term
| Urea reabsorption is by ______ _______ mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| renal clearance is defined as... |
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Definition
| volume of plasma which is completely cleared of the substance per unit time (units are ml/min) and the formula is = (Ux)(V)/(Px) |
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Term
| Renin-Angiotensin System: Low BP, Low Fluid Volume, High Beta-1 Symp --> Incr _____ levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma K+ levels go ___ w/ diuretics, diarrhea, and diaphoresis |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma K+ levels go ___ w/ insulin, epi, or aldosterone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of ___ in the ___ . |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone promotes the excretion of ___ which is related to the ___ retaining action. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone's mechanism of action is to act by synth of the ___ in the ___ cells which stimulates lumenal ___ permeability. |
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Definition
| Na/K ATPase; principal; Na |
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Term
| Aldosterone is stimulated by elevated plasma ___ or ___ and inhibited by ___ which is released as a result of stretch in the ___. |
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Definition
| K+, angiotensin; ANP; cardiac atria |
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Term
| The natriuretic factors include: (7) |
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Definition
| ANP, urodilatin, Brain natriuretic peptide, dopamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, nitric oxide |
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Term
| ___% of filtered K+ is reabsorbed before ___ which is where K+ ___ takes place. |
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Definition
| distal nephron; secretion |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates ___ excretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volume depletion incr Na reabsorption, phosphate follows and phosphate ___ rises/falls. |
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Definition
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Term
| While there is a finite capacity to reabsorb K+, its reabsorptive Tmax can be regulated up/down if dietary phosphate is low. |
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Definition
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Term
| all urine production in excess of osmolar clearance is ___ clearance. |
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Definition
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Term
| In prox nephron, urine osmolarity is ___ and ___ is reabsorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ascending loop of Henle, urine osmolarity incr/decr to ___ while ___ is reabsorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| In distal nephron and collecting duct, ___ is reabsorbed and urine osmolarity finally becomes ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In medullary vasa recta countercurrent exchange descending portion, solute moves ___ the capillary lumen while H2Omoves ___. In the ascending portion, H2O moves ___ while solute moves ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH regulates ___ (not ___ excretion). Its primary mission is to ___ "free" water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea permeability is affected by ___ which causes it to be ___ in the medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH renders the ___ nephron highly ___ to water. |
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Definition
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Term
| In diabetes insipidus w/ polyuria, the plasma vol ___ while the plasma Na ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| With Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion, there is incr/decr ADH which leads to plasma vol___, plasma Na___.(psychogenic drinking would have the same darrow-yannet) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| water deprivation or adipsia leads to plasma vol ___ w/ plasma Na ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Addison's disease is high/low aldosterone leading to ___ plasma vol, ___ Na, and ___ K. Hyperaldosteronism is the opposite of this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adding CO2 to the system tends to ___ the pH |
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Definition
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Term
| If we remove bicarb from the system, the pH will ___. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| reabsorption of filtered HCO3- occurs in the cells of the ___. Here there is H+ ___ and if the H+ combines w/ ___ it will be retained. If combined with ___ it will be excreted. |
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Definition
| prox tubule; secretion; bicarb; PO4 |
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Term
| Net acid excretion = ___ excretion + ___ - ___ excretion |
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Definition
| NH4; titratable acid; bicarb |
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Term
| Base excess is a value which describes how many mEq of___ must be given to a patient to return the ___ to normal. |
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Definition
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Term
| In metabolic acidosis, bicarb must ___ and so, in most cases, anion gap incr/decr. Anion gap = __ - [___ + ___] |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased anion gap due to metabolic acidosis caused by ... |
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Definition
| DM, lactic acidosis, salicyclate poisoning, chronic renal failure, alcohol, ethylene glycol |
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Term
| Normal anion gap due to metabolic acidosis caused by ... |
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Definition
| diarrhea, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, renal tubular acidosis, ammonium chloride |
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Term
| metbolic alkalosis that responds to NaCl(saline treatment) includes ___ and ___ in which the volume depletion initiates a compensatory incr in Na reabsorption which is coupled to ___ reabsorption and H+ ion secretion. |
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Definition
| diuretics; vomiting; bicarb; |
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Term
| other types of metabolic alkalosis include ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| bicarb ingestion; hyperaldosteronism |
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