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| 1-organisms made up of cells and their products 2-new cells come from existing cells 3-all cells share fundamental and chemical metabolic processes 4-activities of the organism result from cooperative actions of group cells |
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| transmit electrical signals |
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| exchange materials in/out of cell, lining |
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| support and hold body parts together |
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| barrier that defines inside and outside of cell, regulates molecule passage |
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| fluid substance in which organelles are suspended |
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| Organelle that houses genetic info. Surrounded by double membrane. Loc. of DNA replication, transcription of genes into mess. RNA. |
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| Site of ribosome formation |
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| Site of food molecule catabolism and ATP energy formation. |
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| Assemblies of protein and RNA sites of protein synthesis. Translation of mRNA to protein. |
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| Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Ribosome bound ER. Packaging and transport of lipids proteins and carbs. |
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| Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| No ribosomes attached. Dynamic storage site for Ca2+ |
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| Participate in packaging protein and glycoprotein molecules into vesicles for secretion. |
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| Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting foreign material. |
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| Network of filamentous protein that give the cell its characteristic shape and rigidity. |
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| Big and made of tubulin. Pull Chromosomes apart. |
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| Smaller. Made of actin, role in muscle contraction. |
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| Extracellular fluid between cells |
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| Extracellular fluid that RBCs are suspended in |
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| A molecule that is polar on one end and non-polar on the other end. Phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic. |
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| Polar side (head of phospholipid) |
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| Non polar...tail on phospholipid |
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| Integral Membrane Proteins |
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| Protein that spans lipid bilayer and is exposed to inside and outside of cell. |
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| Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
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| Proteins only loosely associated with the surface |
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| Biological membrane is heterogeneous and asymmetric nature |
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| tendency of atoms or molecules to achieve uniform concentration by moving down a conc. gradient |
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| Rate of diffusion of a molecule into a cell. Rate of change (moles/sec) within the cell. |
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| Q=kp x A x (Co-Ci) Charged molecules have low kps, Large charged molecules like proteins are almost 0. |
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| Proteins that carry large molecules across the membrane |
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| Molecule binds to protein, changes conformation of protein, allowing the molecule to be released in/out of the cell. |
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| Selective membrane proteins that allow specific ions to pass in and out. |
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| A type of junction between two adjacent cells in which the cells are firmly attached to one another through cadherins (proteins that extend from the membrane into the ECF). Provide structural integrity esp. in places of stretching, such as the skin. |
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| The extracellular sufaces of two adjacent plasma membranes join together so that no EC space remains between them. |
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| Integral membrane protein carries Na+ and K+ in and out of cells against their concentration gradient through direct hydrolysis of ATP. Driven by Na+/K+ ATPase pump that moves 3 Na out of the cell, and 2 K into the cell. |
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| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| Indirectly uses ATP. The drive of Na or K down its respective conc gradient helps move another molecule against its gradient. Movement of Na and K possible because of Na/K ATPase of Primary Active Transport. |
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| Plasma membrane invaginates macromolecule or bacteria into a vesicle for transport across cell to other organelles. |
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| Membrane vesicles packed with materials to be secreted (this is done in Golgi apparatus) move to plasma membrane to release contents into ECF. Important for release of hormones and neurotransmitters. |
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| Movement of water down its gradient when non-penetrating molecules are present and cannot move. |
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| Endocytosis of liquid molecules (most common) |
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| Endocytosis of large molecules ie bacteria, WBCs |
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| Soln greater mOsm than cell |
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| Movement of electrical charge |
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| Elect. phenomenon resulting from separation of charges across a membrane. Form basis of communication between cells. |
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| Chemical and electrical gradients equal each other. That is, the chemical gradient driving the ion matches the driving force of the repulsive electrical force. |
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| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| potential of membrane due to slight excess of negative ions on the inside of the cell, and positive ones on the outside. Range -5mV to -100mv. -50mV to -75mV for nerve and muscle cells. Often use -70mV. |
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| A cell becomes more positive (less negative) |
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| A cell becomes more negative |
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| Signal in short distances. Magnitude of potential can vary and is decremental. No threshold, refractory period. Can be summed. |
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| Input signals arrive from same presynaptic cell one right after the other. |
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| Summation of two inputs coming from two different cells at same time. |
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| Important in neurons and muscles. Carries over long distances. 3phase: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization. |
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| Second step of AP: Na+ channels become inactive, K+ channels open and bring cell back to RP. |
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| Slow action of K+ movement causes overshoot where cell moves below RP |
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| AP will fire all the way or not at all. |
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| Absolute Refractory Period |
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| When Na channels are open or inactive and no stimulus will trigger an AP. |
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| Relative Refractory Period |
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| When Na channels are in resting state, but K channels are still open so an AP can happen, but only with larger stimulus. |
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| Lipid substance the covers neuron and insulates it from current leakage. |
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| Bare areas inbetween myelin that APs can "jump" between. Makes AP propagation faster. |
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| The "jumping" of APs from one node of ranvier to the next |
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| Disease of nervous system in which myelin producing cells are damaged |
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| Specialized junctions between two cells where rapid communication takes place either chemically or electrically. |
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| Chemical messengers that transfer synapses |
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| Several nuerons sending signals to one other neuron |
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| One neuron sends a signal to |
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| aka motor end plate. Synapse between axons and skeletal muscles |
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| Inactivates Ach through hydroloysis. Resets NMJ |
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| Causes muscle relaxation due to inactivation of Na channels |
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| general anethesia that works as depolarization block |
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| Binds to Ach binding site, and blocks Ach activation |
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| NM autoimmune disease. Antibodies block Ach receptors in motor end plate |
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| Two cell membranes are in close physical contact through non selective channels. Allow for electrical flow and electrical synapses. |
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| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential |
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Definition
| Increase in permeability of Na and Ca at an excitatory synapse |
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| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential |
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Definition
| Increase in permeability of K or Cl at inhibatory synapse |
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| An axon terminating on another axon leads to an increase in NT release |
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| An axon terminating on another axon leads to a decrease in NT release. Hyperpolarization of membrane decreases ability of AP to activate Ca. |
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| Ach receptor that nicotine can bind to. |
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| Present in NMJ. Special Ach receptors that respond to Nicotine. |
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| Produced by adenylate cyclase. Receptor causes G-protein to activate cAMP, while this causes activation of protein kinase. This causes phosphorylation of ATP to activate other protiens. This process allows for one messenger to have an effect of several other molecules in the cell. |
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| Bind to GTP and function as switches. |
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| G protein activates phospholipase C, which causes breakdown of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 binds to ligand gated Ca2+ channel receptors on ER. Ca2+ diffuses out, triggers cell response. DAG activates protein kinase C, which activate other proteins leading to cell response. |
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| release of Ca2+ activates comodulin. Changes shape, activates or inhibits other enzymes or proteins. |
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| controls involuntary functions such as heart, breathing, digestion, posture, sleep |
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| controls balance, coordination or voluntary muscle activity |
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| regulates body temp and body fluids, control of endocrine system |
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| Control most of high brain functions such as learning, memory, processing input from special sensory organs, language, consciousness, creativity, etc...Gray matter |
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| Inner cerebrum consisting of myelinated axons |
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| Important in motor control. Degen. of neurons innervating Basal Ganglia lead to Parkinson's |
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| Mapping of brain functions resulting in "homunculus" or little man image |
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| NT and hormone whose release is blocked in Parkinson's patients. L-Dopa can replace to a point. |
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| Bundles of axons moving towards brain |
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| Bundles of neurons moving away from brain |
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| Root of entry on spinal cord for incoming signals. |
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| Root for outgoing signals. |
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| Shock absorber fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord. Produced by ependymal glial cells. |
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| Line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord, make CSF. |
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| Barrier of epithelial cells lining brain capillaries. Connected by tight junctions and highly selective. Alcohol, caffeine, heroin can cross. |
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| Carry impulses from sensory organs to be processed by CNS |
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| Carry impulses to muscles and other organs. Can be under voluntary control. |
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| Are unipolar. Carry info into CNS. Receptor, axon in PNS. End of axon/terminals in CNS. |
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| From CNS to sensory organs. Multipolar. Cell body, begin of axon in CNS, axon and terminals in PNS. |
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| Multipolar only in CNS. Participate in integration of electrical impulses. |
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| Physical support for neurons, uptake/release NT's, induce BB Barrier |
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| Group of many neurons/nerve cells |
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| Found at the end of unipolar sensory neurons. Detect change in environment and send info back to brain. |
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| Collective term for environmental stimuli |
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| Complex sensory systems such as vision, hearing, taste, smell. |
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| All nerve endings and sensory receptors that feed into same sensory neuron. |
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| Area covered by receptors from one sensory unit. |
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| Example of sensory receptor in skin.. When pressure is applied to skin, the tissue of the corpuscle deforms and opens mechano-sensitive Na+ channels. |
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| Change in membrane potential induced by activation of sensory receptors. Almost always excitatory. If enough to reach threshold, AP results. |
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| Tight jeans! Receptor potential is not constant for constant stimulus, and eventually decays toward original membrane potential. |
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| Adapt rapidly ie Pacinian Corpuscle |
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| Slow adapting. Good for determining magnitude and direction of change. |
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| Action Potential Frequency |
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| Determines stimulus intensity. |
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| intensity of stimulus can be encoded in the number of receptive fields activated |
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| Impulses traveling through a certain neural pathway are automatically interpreted as info from certain area/receptor |
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| Feeling of limb that is no longer there. Due to labelled lines. Any sensation felt by those nerves is automatically interpreted as being that limb. |
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| Precision with with 2 closely spaced stimuli can be located. Depends on convergence, size, density, and overlap |
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| overlap of nerves can increase acuity |
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| Mechanism to localize stimulus. Receptor @ site of most intense activation is activated most and inhibits signal sending of neighboring receptors |
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| Pain receptors with free nerve endings. Do not adapt, but show progression of sensitization to stimulus. |
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| Respond to physical damage. ie: cutting, punching, pinching. |
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| Respond to many damaging stimuli including irritating and inflammatory chemicals. |
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| Bradykinn, Histamine, Prostaglandin |
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Definition
| Chems that activate polymodal nociceptors. Released at site by damaged cells or cells of immune system. Responsible for dull aching pain. |
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| Pain carried along myelinated fibers that reaches CNS quickly. Usually from mechanical and thermal nociceptors |
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| Carried along unmyelinated fibers. Moves slowly to CNS. Usually polymodal nociceptors. |
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| Pain from visceral site follows same pathway as pain from peripheral nociceptors. ie: heart & left deltoid/shoulder |
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| Pain fiber axons are stimulated by pressure or hyper-excitability of neighboring axons, one can experience the sensation of pain even though nocicepters were never activated. ie: phantom pain |
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| Reduction of pain sensation. Important to avoid depression. |
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| Endogenous Analgesia Pathway |
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Definition
| Descending pathway that blocks release of substance P by release of peptide transmitters endorphins, enkephalins. Activate opiate receptors. |
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| Feeling of analgesic effect despite lack of agent. |
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