Inability to speak

(with out speaking)

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Internal Capsule

3. Pyramids of Medulla

4. Lateral White Columns

5. Lower Motor Neurons (anterior gray horns/ efferent)

Neurons with long axons carry information directly between the brain and spinal cord

Only a few synapses so there are fewer opportunities for alteratin in the information they transmit

Made up of many neurons and many synaptic connections.

Many opportunities for neural processing

Limbic System

Structure

Limbic System

Function

Learning, emotional experience, behavior

wide variety of visceral and endocrine functions

works with hypothalamus

Reticular Formation

Structure

Reticular Formation

Function

Essential for life

Involved in motor functions, cardiovascular and respiratory control and the mechanisims that regulate sleep and wakefulness and that focus attention

Dura Mater-thick-next to bone

Arachnoid Mater-Middle

Pia Mater-next to nervous tissue

Sense of posture and position

How you know where one body part is relative to another

Major sensory relay station.  Almost all sensory information goes to the thalamus

Exception-sense of smell

Spastic Paralysis-muscles are in a tight state

Exagerated Reflexes-reflex are still intact

If Lesion is above the medulla lesion is contralateral

If lesion is below the nedulla lesion is ipsilateral

• Flacid paralysis
• No muscle contraction-muscle atrophy
• Ipsilateral Lesion

Cerebral Cortex

Thalamus

Basal Ganglia

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Somatic Efferent Motor Neuron

Anterior Horn Cel

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)

Final Motor Pathway

Ductless System

Secrete hormones into the interstital fluid and then the hormones diffuse into the blood stream.

Hypophysis found in sphenoid bone in the sella turcica

Two parts of pituitary:

Anterior

Posterior

1. Growth Hormone
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
5. Luteinizing Hormone
6. Prolactin Hormone

1. Releasing --effects anterior pituitary
2. Inhibiting Hormones--effects anterior pituitary
3. Oxytocin--
4. Vasopressin / Anti-diuretic Hormone

1. Enhances body growth by stimulating protein synthesis
2. Produced in the Anterior Pituitary
3. Control Factor GHRH

1. Pituitary dwarf-lack of GH
2. Giant-over production of GH also have other nerve issues

Tumor causes to much GH after bone maturity

Epiphyseal plates already closed

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids-has an effect on blood glucose level. 

Glucose cortex steriod hormone

In Females causes oogenesis

In males spermatogensis / sperm formatino

Initiates ovulation forms the corpus leuteum

Stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig to produce testosterone

Veins that travel from the base of the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary  gland

Neurohormones from the hypothalamus are secreted into these vessles 

Stimulates uterine contraction

Stimulates mammary glands "milk let down"

Synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary

Increases water permeability of kidneys' collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction

Causes formation of small amounts of concentrated urine (limit loss of fluid)

Synthesized in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary

Loss of to much fluid

Lack of ADH increased urine production

• Hormones are made in hypothalamus
• The hormones are stored and released in the posterior pituitary
• Controlled by direct nervous innervation

1. Decreases Blood Glucose
2. Accelerates Glucose Transfer into cells
3. Increases formatino of glycogen (storage form of glucose)
4. Increase formation of fats
5. Increase protein synthesis

Glucagon produced by alpha cells

composed of 29 amino acids

1. Increase blood glucose
2. Increase glycogenolysis-by breaking down glycogen and increasing glucose
3. Increase glycogenolysis-creates glucose from non-carb sources
4. Increase release of fats

1. Shouldn't go over 140mg%
2. Fasting--70-80mg%
3. Postpyrandial 125mg%

Sugar Diabetes

Relative insulin defficiency

Characterised by vascular deteration

Multifactorial disease-genetic componet

Juvenile Diabetes

Typically occurs ages 8-12 years

Severe insulin deficency

prone to ketosis-ketoacidosis

breakdown of fats

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

Adult Onset- 40-60 years

Less severe than type I

Can control this type through diet and exercise

may take oral medication

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

NIDDM

1. Calcitonin-decreases blood calcium levels
2. Thyroid Hormone
   1.  
      1. Triiodothyronine (T3) modified aa
      2. Thyroxin (T4)

To much TSH

Not enough iodine to make T3 & T4

Hyperthyroid and have a goiter

Additional fat deposits behind eyes, push eyes forward

Found in the back of they thyroid

No follicules

Pea Sized

• Parathyroid Hormone
• Increase blood calcium
• Increases GI absorption
• Increase renal absorption

Antagonist of calcitonin

Decreased nerve muscle excitability

Increased plasma calcium

Low blood calcium concentration

Increased nerve muscle excitability

(muscle cramps)

Located at the south pole of the kidney

Each gland consisits of an adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

• Part of the sympathetic nervous system
• 1 Neuron Pathway (preganglion)
• Release epinephrine & norepinephrine

1. Corticosteroids
   1. Androgens
   2. Mineralocorticoids
   3. Glucocorticoids

• Mineral Metabolism
• Mineral Cortex Steroids
• Aldosterone
  • Increases sodium retention in the kidney

• Have many side effects b/c they are dirivitives of cholesterol and react with many receptors
• Major one is Cortisol
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Antiinflammatory

Nurse or Sertoli Cells

Where sperm develop

Where sperm develop

also called nurse or sertoli cells

Blocked by hexamenthonium

Found in autonomic post ganglion

Binds with acetlycholine

Ovarian Cycle

Menstrual Cycle

0-10 days Follicular phase (FSH & LH)

 10-14 days Ovulatory Phase (LH)

 14-28 Luteal Phase (LH)

Testicular Fluid

Seminal Vesicle Fluid

Prostatic Fluid

Endometrium tissue outside the uterus most common in tubes, may occur in other places in the body

The tissue goes through the same cycle regardless of location in body

Found on target cells 

Cholinergic (acetlycholine)

Blocked by atropine

sympathomimetic

parasympathometic

sympatetic blockers

parasympathtic blockers

Menstrual Cycle

1.  0-5 days Menstral Phase--loss of estrogen and progesterone
2. 5-14 days Proliferative Phase create new lining
3. 14-28 days Secratory Phase lining becomes very nutritious

1. Uterine Tube
2. Infidibulum
3. Cervix
4. Vagina
5. Perimetrium (outer layer of tissue)
6. Myometrium (middle layer of tissue)
7. Endometrium (inner layer of tissue)

Parent cell divides into 4 cells with half of the genetic material of the parent cell.

Produces 4 haploid cells