Term
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Definition
| aerobic muscle requiring constant supply of oxygen; supplied with blood from coronary arteries (connected to aorta). Without oxygen, heart becomes ischemic (without blood) and after time, stops contracting resulting in heart attack and killing the ischemic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains many components essential for proper body function i.e. water, blood cells (red/white, platelets), hormones, enzymes, signaling molecules, glucose, amino acids, and fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| cardio = heart; vascular = blood vessels; delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and removes metabolic byproducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| period when the heart is rejecting blood - higher blood pressure; normal bp is 100-120/60-80 i.e. systolic/diastolic. |
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Term
| Diastole (blood pressure) |
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Definition
| period when heart relaxes and fills with blood - lower blood pressure; normal bp is 100-120/60-80 i.e. systolic/diastolic. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by ischemia, or a lack of oxygen getting to the heart tissue; this causes the heart muscle to die and turn into scar tissue, known as a myocardial infarction (MI). |
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Term
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Definition
| tubes through which blood passes; comprised of lumen (hole in middle where blood passes through), endothelial cell layer, smooth muscle cells (elastic, control diameter of lumen), and connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in large arteries; occurs at branch points where turbulent blood flow puts excess stress on vessel walls, damaging them and allowing lipids from the bloodstream to accumulate along the artery, inducing a chronic inflammatory reaction and over time reducing the amount of blood flow/oxygen delivered to the heart muscle. |
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Term
| Fatty Streaks (stages of atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
| within a normal artery, cholesterol & lipids accumulate along the artery walls until the cholesterol becomes oxidized and induces inflammation which signals white blood cells to the injured area, resulting in the formation of "foam cells." |
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Term
| Intermediate Lesion (stages of atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
| after fatty streaks form, lipid-rich necrotic (dead) debris and smooth muscle cells form a fibrous lesion which encloses the necrotic lipid core. Seen early in men (~20) but due to estrogen's protective effects, does not appear in women until after menopause. |
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Term
| Advanced Lesion (stages of atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
| progression of intermediate lesion; calcification causes lesion to harden and continue to progress. Seen in men ~30-40, in women ~60-70. |
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Term
| Clinical Event: Heart Attack/Stroke (stages of atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
| final progression from advanced lesioning; the lesion's vulnerable plaques rupture resulting in blood clots which stop blood flow and oxygen delivery to the heart/brain. Occur ~40-50 for men, ~60-70 for women. |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pains resulting from developing lesions in arteries during intermediate stages of Cardiovascular Disease. |
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Term
| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) |
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Definition
| procedure that uses redundant arteries to bypass blockages in the coronary artery i.e. if 4 major coronary arteries clogged, quadruple bypass. |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure where catheter with balloon on the end is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated, crushing/removing plaque. |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in which a small, expandable wire mesh tube is inserted into artery to reduce risk of restenosis (reclosing of previously blocked artery) occuring. Often used in conjunction with/as a follow up to Angioplasty. |
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Term
| Cholesterol & Atherosclerosis (relationship) |
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Definition
| both the amount of cholesterol in the blood and the susceptibility of that cholesterol to oxidation govern cholesterol accumulation in arteries. Cholesterol less than 160 = NOT at risk for CAD. |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol is produced by most cell types, travels through the bloodstream in lipoproteins, and is only derived from animal sources though it is a non-essential dietary nutrient sufficiently produced by the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure, is a precursor for steroid hormones, and is a constituent of bile acid. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Saturated Fat |
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Definition
| these fats stimulate the liver to produce more cholesterol and inhibit production of LDL receptors on liver; come from diet high in animal products which are high in cholesterol and sat fat. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Trans Fatty Acids (hydrogenated oils) |
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Definition
| raise LDL in addition to lowering HDL; found in processed foods - clearly BAD for you. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Dietary Cholesterol |
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Definition
| comes from certain foods and when ingested, reaches the bloodstream and can raise plasma cholesterol levels. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Fiber (water-soluble) |
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Definition
| forces the body to secrete more bile by breaking down more cholesterol and produces more LDL receptors causing more cholesterol to be removed from the bloodstream. Diets high in fiber with minimal processed foods lower cholesterol. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Refined-Carbs |
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Definition
| processed carbohydrates increase insulin which stimulates the liver to produce more cholesterol i.e. refined ANYTHING is bad, esp for cholesterol. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
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Definition
| studies show that omega-3 fatty acid consumption reduces cholesterol. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Modifiers: Monosaturated Fats |
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Definition
| such as olive oil stabilize plasma cholesterol as evidenced by the Mediterranean Diet (nearly vegetarian that incorporates fish-omega 3). |
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Term
| Blood Lipoproteins (transport) |
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Definition
| lipids (i.e. fat or cholesterol) combined with proteins since lipids themselves, being hydrophobic, are unable to travel the bloodstream but by packaging them with hydrophilic proteins, they can be transported. Lipoproteins are classified by density i.e. the more lipids in a lipoprotein, the lighter it will be since fat is buoyant. |
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Term
| Triglyceride Lipoprotein Transporters: Chylomicrons |
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Definition
| contain lots of TG & some cholesterol, this diet (food) derived source of lipids appears in the bloodstream after eating a meal and enter the lymph system before the bloodstream. |
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Term
| Triglyceride Lipoprotein Transporters: VLDL |
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Definition
| high in TG and cholesterol, these lipoproteins are produced in the liver (endogenous TG). |
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Term
| Cholesterol Lipoprotein Transporters: LDL |
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Definition
| this "bad cholesterol" is formed in the bloodstream from VLDL and penetrates artery walls which leads to Atherosclorosis. Delivers cholesterol produced in liver to other tissues. |
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Term
| Cholesterol Lipoprotein Transporters: HDL |
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Definition
| this "good cholesterol" counterbalances and indeed inhibits LDL chol from penetrating the artery wall by picking up LDL from the wall and bringing it back to the liver. Derived from the liver, it also inhibits LDL oxidation, shows higher levels in women (due to estrogen), and is anti-inflammatory. HDL is like a garbage truck that picks up excess cholesterol thru "reserve cholesterol transport" and takes it to the liver. |
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Term
| The Multiple Risk Factor Invention Trial (MRFIT) |
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Definition
| study that looked at risk versus plasma cholesterol. Conclusion: cholesterol levels below 200 mg/dl are healthy. |
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Term
| Major Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the clustering of metabolic abnormalities in the same individual that increases their risk for CAD. Components are insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity and the prevalence of this syndrome in westernized societies is extremely high. Diet modification and excercise training CAN control or reverse the syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| diet is important for controlling LDL and TG while excercise is especially important for controlling TG and HDL. |
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