Term
| 2. Behavioral intervention |
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Definition
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered
- Ex) does eating cheerios prevent heart disease |
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Definition
| alteration of a structure or function to see how brain behavior is altered, manipulating the body to affect behavior. ) does giving a patient who suffers from depression Prozac improve their symptoms? |
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Definition
| measures how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure, does not imply causation. |
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Definition
ability of the brain to be changed by the environment and experience
- Dendritic spines in the brain can change shape in minutes, change in neurons |
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Definition
| = part of the brain responsible for motion, learning, social interaction |
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Definition
| range from social interaction down to the molecular level |
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Definition
| breaks a system down into smaller parts in order to understand it |
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Definition
| state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience |
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Definition
| nerve cells, make up the nervous system |
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Definition
| the brain is composed of independent cells and information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses |
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Definition
| provide support for neurons |
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Definition
| star shaped cells with many processes, receive neuronal input and monitor activity |
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Definition
| cells that remove debris from injured cells |
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Definition
| found in the CNS and myelinate neurons in the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Definition
| swelling, how glial cells respond to injury (also how tumors form) |
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Definition
| gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed |
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Definition
| glial cells wrapped around axons for insulation |
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Definition
| a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon (unmyelinated) |
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Definition
| studded on the dendrites and increase surface area |
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Definition
| small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter (a specialized chemical substance) |
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Definition
| receives information from other cells through dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell body region where inputs are combined and transformed |
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Term
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Definition
| a single axon leads away from the body and transmits the electrical impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells |
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Term
| essentially, how do neurons store informtation |
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Definition
| the strength of the connection between neurons, memory |
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Term
| how do neurons communicate |
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Definition
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Definition
| one axon, many dendrites, most common type |
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Definition
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Definition
| a single extension hat branches in two directions, forming a receotive pole and an output zone |
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Definition
| contact muscles or glands |
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Definition
| respond to environmental stimuli (light, odor, touch) |
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Definition
| receive input from and send input to other neurons |
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Definition
| the process in which glial cells wrap around axons with a fatty sheath (myelin) to insulate and speed conduction |
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Term
| 23. How does DNA store information |
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Definition
| order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) stores information like a computer stores information with ones and zeros |
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Term
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Definition
| each gene serves as a recipe on how to build a protein molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the functions of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| which amino acids and their order determines the function of a particular protein (performs tasks for cell) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| 29. Dendritic spines change |
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Definition
| as a result or neural plasticity, their number and structure are rapidly changed by experience (mechanism of learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of an axon that ends in terminals and innervated other cells (split) |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of materials within an axon |
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Term
axons:
number
diameter
axon hillock
sheathing
length
branching |
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Definition
axons:
number - one
diameter - uniform until terminal bracnhing
axon hillock - tes
sheathing - covered with myelin
length - range fromsmall to meetrs
branching - perpendicular |
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Term
dendrites:
number
diameter
axon hillock
sheathing
length
branching |
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Definition
number - many
diameter - taper towards ending
axon hillock - none
sheathing - none
length - shorter than axons
branching - acute angles |
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Term
| 33. Central Nervous System |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| = all other parts outside the skull and spinal cord |
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Term
| 35. 4 divisions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
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Term
| 36. Sensory neurontransmissions occur |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Motor neurotransmissions occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thoracic and lumabr regions |
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Term
| 39. Enteric nervous system |
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Definition
| a local network of neurons that governs the function of the gut |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| right side of the brain controls |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of axons with white myelin sheaths |
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Term
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Definition
| contains more cell bodies and dendrites (which lack myelin) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| carries in AWAY from region |
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Term
| components of the forebrain |
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Definition
| telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon |
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Term
| components of the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| components of the hindbrain |
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Definition
| metencephalon, myelencephalon, brainstem |
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Term
| what does the metencephalon become |
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Definition
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Term
| the myelencephalon is also called |
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Definition
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Term
| what comprises the brainstem |
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Definition
| cerebellum, pons, medulla |
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Term
| the five structures of the forebrain |
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Definition
| cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in the PNS, a collection of neurons is |
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Definition
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Term
| in the PNS, a bundle of axons is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the 4 nuclei associated with basal ganglia are |
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Definition
| caudate, putamen,globus, pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
| develops into 3 subdivisions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| basal ganglia in the midbrain |
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Term
| limbic system in associated with |
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Definition
| learning, attention, memory |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in motor coordination and learning, 3 layers |
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Term
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Definition
| three protective laters that surround the brain and psinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of chambers filled with CSF and has two main functions 1) shock absorber 2) provides an exchange medium between blood and the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that produces CSF |
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Term
| 77. To determine function of the brain |
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Definition
| PET, fMRI, optical imaging, TMS, MEG |
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Term
| 78. To determine structure of the brain |
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Definition
| neuroimaging, CAT scan, MRI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| resting membrane potential, -50 to -80 mV |
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Term
| 82. Voltage gated channels |
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Definition
| open and close in response to voltage changes, chemicals, or mechanical action |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the voltage produced when a membrane separates different concentrations of ions |
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Term
| 85. Sodium-Potassium pump |
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Definition
| maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping 2 K+ into the cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell, keeping it negatively charged |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in membrane potential (more negative), caused by IPSP |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in membrane potential (more positive), caused by EPSP |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve impulses; brief but large changes in membrane potential. Originate at the axon hillock and spread down the axon |
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Term
| 89. Graded/local response |
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Definition
| local potential spreads across the membrane and diminishes as it moves away from the point of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 91. Where do action potentials in a neuron start? The neuron first receives signals through the dendrites |
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Definition
| The neuron first receives signals through the dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron fires at full amplitude or not at all, does not reflect increased stimulus strength |
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Term
| 93. How are threshold and Na related |
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Definition
| Threshold occurs when there is a depolarization. Voltage-gated channels open in response to this depolarization and allow Na to enter until the membrane potential reaches -40 mV. |
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Term
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Definition
| some stimuli can produce and action potential |
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Term
| 95. Absolute refractory phase |
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Definition
| (voltage gated Na channels closed) |
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Term
| 96. Relative refractory phase |
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Definition
| strong stimulation can produce an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| block voltage gated Na channels, no Na can enter the cell, no change in the membrane potential, no action potential, no neuronal communication |
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Term
| 98. How do action potentials travel down the axon? |
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Definition
| In one direction because of the refractory period of the membrane after depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| the speed of action potentials varies with diameter. |
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Term
| 100. How does myelin affect conduction velocity |
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Definition
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Term
| 101. Salutatory conduction |
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Definition
| the axon potential travels inside the axon and jumps from node to node, allows potential to travel faster |
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory postsynaptic potential, produces a small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential, produces a small hyperpolarization, pushing the cell further away from threshold, prevents “firing” the action potential |
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Term
| 104. What role does Ca play |
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Definition
| Ca causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the cleft |
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Term
| 105. Electrical communication |
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Definition
| flow of current down the axon |
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Term
| 106. Chemical communication |
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Definition
| once at the terminal, the message between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is chemical |
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Term
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Definition
| the delay between an action potential reaching the axon terminal and creatin a postsynaptic potential |
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Term
| 108. How do Cl ions produce IPSPs |
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Definition
| Cl ions enter the cell and make the inside more negative so the threshold will not be met and the neuron wont “fire” the action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the summing of potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) that come from different parts of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times. The closer together in time they occur, the great summation and possibility of an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| when bound by a transmitter (fast) |
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Term
| 112. What is the advantage of electrical synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| 113. Metabotropic receptor |
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Definition
| recognizes the transmitter but instead activate G proteins (slow) |
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Term
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Definition
| first messengers, sometimes open channels or may activate another chemical to affect ion channels |
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Term
| 115. What are two ways that neurotransmission is terminated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitter is taken up into the presynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| many cells send signals to one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cell sends signal to many cells. Lateral interaction across units |
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Term
| 120. 6 criteria for neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- exists in presynaptic axon terminals
- synthesized in presynaptic axon terminals
- released when action potentials reach axon terminals
- receptors for the substance exist on postsynaptic membrane
- substance produces changes in postsynaptic potentials
- blocking the substances release prevents changes in postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the same neurotransmitter may bind to a variety of subtypes, which trigger different responses |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that binds to a receptor and has one of 3 effects: agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates the normal effects of the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates an effect that is the opposite of the normal function |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs naturally within the body (substances that the brain produces) |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced from outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| plays an important role in the peripheral autonomic nervous system and is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction |
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Term
| are the two types of ACh receptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most are ionotropic and excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| metabotropic and can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| 132. What are the two classes of monoamines |
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Definition
| Catecholamines and indoleamines |
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Term
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Definition
| dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 135. What are the two main pathways of the dopaminergic system and where do they originate |
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Definition
| Mesostriatal, which originates from the substantia nigra in the midbrain; mesolimbocortical, which originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| released from the pons and midbrain. It modulaes mood, arousal, and sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| in the raphe nuclei and is implicit in slep, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety |
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Term
| 138. Amino acid transmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| 139. Glutamate transmission uses |
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Definition
| AMPA, kainite and NMDA receptors, mGluRs |
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Term
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Definition
| neural injury such as stroke may cause excess release of glutamate which is toxic to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
different from other NTs:
- produced in locations other than axon terminals mainly in dendrites and diffuses as soon as it is produced as opposed to being released.
- Diffuses into target cell and activates cyclic GMP
- Serves as a retrograde transmitter |
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Term
| 142. Retrograde transmitter |
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Definition
| diffusing back into presynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of chemical reaction between a ligand and a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that bind to the same receptor site as the NT |
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Term
| 147. Noncompetitive ligand |
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Definition
| binds instead to a modulatory site on the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| graph of the relationship between drug dose and effects |
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Term
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Definition
| adding more drug cannot produce any further response |
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Term
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Definition
| gives half of the max response. A drug that has comparable effects at lower doses is more potent, congeners |
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Term
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Definition
| result of high doses to the point where effects begin to reverse or fluctuate |
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Term
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Definition
| measures its safety, the separation between useful and toxic doses |
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Term
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Definition
| successive treatments have decreasing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| = organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug |
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Term
| 155. Functional tolerance |
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Definition
| target tissue may show altered sensitivity to the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the number of receptors, response to agonist drug |
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Term
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Definition
| in the number of receptors, response to antagonist drug |
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Term
| 159. How big is a neuronal membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| big is the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| 160. Why do we use histological stains |
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Definition
| To study tissue structure and cellular anatomy. Yes - to allow us to differentiate between cells types and cellular structures |
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Term
| 161. Where do action potentials in a neuron start? |
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Definition
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Term
| 162. What is the most prominent excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| 162. What is the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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