Term
| how many elements acct for 98% of earths mass |
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| earths core is composed of |
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Definition
| silicon and oxygen rich materials |
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| what 2 elements make up 75% of earths crust |
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| components of minerals (5) |
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Definition
| -naturally occuring; -crystalline solids; -have repeating arrangments of atoms. ions, and molecules; -definite chemical composition with slight variation; -generally inorganic |
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| minerals are classified by |
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Definition
-chemical composition
-crystal structure |
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Term
| the formation and growth of a solid from a liquid to a gas |
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Definition
| minerals have different properties but same elements- the arrangements are different |
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| the outward expression of a minerals internal arrangement of atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| internal atomic arrangement is determined by |
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Definition
| atom-ion charge, size, packing |
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Term
| conditions that may inhibit crystal growth |
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Definition
| temp, pressure, space fro growth |
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Term
| resistance of a mineral to scratching |
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Definition
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Term
| property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs in minerals where bond strength is genreallt the same in all directions |
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| not realiable for mineral ids |
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Term
| ____ materials make up more than 90% of earths crust |
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Definition
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Term
| silicates are divided into 2 groups` |
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Definition
| ferromagnesian (iron or mG) and nonferromagnesian silicates |
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Term
| all silicate minerals have the same fundamental structure of atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| minerals form by the process of |
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Term
| minerals crystallize form what two sources |
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Definition
| magma and water solutiong |
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Term
| the first to crystallize will have low/high melting point and smallest/biggest amount of silica |
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Term
| as water solutions become chemically saturated, minerals ______ |
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Term
| ore deposits can be deposited into ___ or ___ |
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Definition
| cracks or the matrix of the rock itself |
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Term
| water solutions can precipitate chemical sediments such as ____ and ___ |
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Definition
| carbonites and evaporites |
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Term
| what determines solubility for chemical sediments |
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Definition
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Term
| low/high solubility minerals precipitate first |
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Term
| an aggregate of minerals-a physical mixture |
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Definition
| igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
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Term
| rock formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava |
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| rock formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weathering and erosion |
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Term
| rock formed from preexisting rock transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical fluids |
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| molten rock that forms inside the earth |
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Definition
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| molten rock erupted at earths surface |
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Term
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Definition
| an avg rate of 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer |
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Term
| rocks in the ___ and ___ are near their melting points |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a minor player in the role of igneous rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| role of pressure in igneous rocks: |
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Definition
| reduced pressure lowers melting temp of rock; so when confining pressures drop, decompression melting occurs |
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Term
| ____ cause rocks to melt at a lower temp |
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Definition
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Term
| the mineral makeup of igneous rock is dependent on |
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Definition
| the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallizes |
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Term
| melting of rocks into magma melting rules: (2) |
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Definition
- minerals with low melting points (high silica content) are first to melt
- partial melting results in a silica-enriched magma |
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Term
| the process of crystallization in igneous rocks acts to enrich the remaining magma with |
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Definition
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Term
| how are igneous rocks classified? |
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Definition
| according to where they are formed |
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Term
| rocks formed from magma that crystallizes at depth are termed intrusive or |
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Definition
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Term
| rocks formed from lava at the surface are classified extrusive or |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - shield -cinder cone -composite cone |
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Term
| what is the most common plutonic rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are large expanses of plutonic rock |
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Definition
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Term
| sedimentary rocks are products of 4 processes |
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Definition
| -weather -erosion -deposition -sedimentation |
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Term
| the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at earths surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical weathering -chemical weathering |
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Term
| weathering: breaking and disentigration of rocks into smaller pieces |
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Definition
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Term
| weathering: decomposition and transformation of rock into one or more new compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanical weathering: alternate freezing and thawing of water in fractures and cracks promotes the disentigration of rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanical weathering: alternate expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanical weathering: disentegration resulting from plants and animals |
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Definition
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Term
| main producer of sediment |
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Definition
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Term
| breaks down rock components and the internal structures of minerals |
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Definition
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| chemical weatherings most important agent |
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Definition
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Term
| the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ does not occur in place but involves movement |
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Definition
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Term
| the stage in which eroded particles come to rest |
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Definition
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Term
| during ______, sediments are usually deposited horizontally layer by layer |
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Definition
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Term
| as deposited sediment accumulates, it changes into |
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Definition
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Term
| lithification occurs in two steps: |
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Definition
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Term
| weight of overlying material presses down upon deeper layers |
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Definition
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Term
| mineralized pore water acts as a glue to keep sediment particles together |
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Definition
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Term
| sedimentary rock types are based on: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clastic- transported sediment particles- bits and pieces of weathered rock; chemical- sediments that were once in a solution |
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Term
| most common sedimentary rock; mud-sized particles in thin layers |
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Definition
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Term
| composed of sand-sized particles; quartz is the predominant mineral |
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Definition
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Term
| composed of particles greater than 2mm in diameter; consists largely of rounded gravels |
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| most abundant chemical rock |
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Definition
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Term
| limestone is comprised chiefly of the mineral |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates |
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Definition
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Term
| different from other rocks bc it is composed of organic material |
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Definition
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Term
| metamorphic rocks are produced from |
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Definition
| igneous, sedy and other metamorphic rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| recrystallization and mechanical deformation |
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Term
| a body of rock is intruded by magma; typically associated with high temps and high water content |
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Definition
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Term
| the alteration of rock by both heat and pressure over an entire region rather than just near a contact between rock and bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| metamorphic rock is defined by |
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Definition
| appearance and mineral content |
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Term
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Definition
| foliated- layered in sheets; non-not layered |
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