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Definition
inorganic raw materials > organic molecules
producers |
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Definition
| use light energy to synthesize organic molecules |
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| Use inorganic substances (sulfur, ammonia, etc.) to synthesize organic compounds. Only bacteria. |
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acquiring organic molecules from compounds produced by other organisms
consumers |
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Definition
| sites of photosynthesis, found in leaves |
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Definition
| green tissue in the leaf's interior |
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Definition
| pores in a leaf through which CO2 and O2 pass |
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Definition
| viscous fluid outside the thylakoids |
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| Summary Equation of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
Light Energy + 6CO2 + 12 H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
Van Neil discovered that the O2 produced by plants came from H2O and not CO2 |
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| Two steps of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
light reactions
Calvin cycle |
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Term
| Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? |
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Definition
| endergonic (not spontaneous) |
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Term
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Definition
| convert light to chemical energy through synthesis of ATP and NADPH, occur in thylakoid membrane, give off O2 |
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Definition
| carbon-fixation reactions that reduce atmospheric CO2 to a carbohydrate, occur in the stroma, requires the products of light reactions: NADPH for reducing power and ATP for chemical energy |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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Definition
| form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
the speed of light
3.0 * 10^8 m/s
Frequency(Wavelength) |
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Definition
| Emission of electrons by certain metals when light shines on them. No electrons are emitted if the frequency is below a minimum. |
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Definition
| Max Planck, minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an electron. |
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Definition
energy in Joules
h*nu
(Planck's constant)(frequency)
hc/v |
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Definition
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Definition
| lowest energy state of an atom |
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Definition
| state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than its ground state |
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Term
| Colors most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance that absorbs visible light |
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Definition
| instrument used to measure what proportion of a specific wavelength of light is absorbed or transmitted by a pigment |
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Definition
| rate of photosynthesis vs. wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| light absorbent pigment that participates directly in light reactions. Does most of the photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| accessory pigment, yellow-green and similar to chlorophyll a |
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Definition
| accessory pigment, yellow and orange hydrocarbons built into thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| primary electron acceptor |
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Definition
| molecules that trap excited electrons that have absorbed photons |
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Term
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Definition
| light-harvesting complex of the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| Photosystems are composed of |
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Definition
| Antenna complex, reaction-center chlorophyll, and primary electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| several hundreds of pigment molecules that gather light, absorb protons, and pass energy |
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Term
| Reaction-Center Chlorophyll |
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Definition
| one of many chlorophyll molecules that can transfer and excited electron to initiate light reactions |
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| Primary Electron Acceptor |
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Definition
| located near the reaction center; traps excited electrons from the reaction center chlorophyll a |
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Definition
| Reaction center has specialized chlorophyll (P700) |
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Definition
| Reaction center has specialized chlorophyll (P680) |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosystems I and II, occurs in thylakoid membrane, passes electrons from water to NADP+, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosystem I, simplest pathway, generates more ATP without NADPH or O2. Excited electrons leave and return to the reaction center. |
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Term
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Definition
| coupling of exergonic electron flow down an ETC and endergonic ATP production by electrochemical proton gradient across a membrane. |
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Term
| Similarities of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |
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Definition
1. ETC assembled in a membrane translocates proteins across the membrane through a series of carriers that are progressively more electronegative.
2. An ATP synthase complex couples proton diffusion down their gradient to the phosphorylation of ADP
3. The ATP Synthase complexes and some electron carriers are similar. |
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| Differences of Oxidative Phosporylation and Photophosphorylation |
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Definition
In the ETC:
- Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP.
- Chloroplasts transfer chemical energy from light energy.
In Spatial Organization:
- Inner mitochondrial membrane pumps protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
- Thylakoid membrane pumps protons from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment |
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Term
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Definition
ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions are used to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar:
3 molecules CO2 -> 1 molecule Sugar (G3P) |
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Term
| Three phases of the Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor (RuBP) |
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Term
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Definition
Each molecule of CO2 is attached to a RuBP catalyzed by rubisco:
3 molecules CO2 ->3 molecules RuBP -> 6 molecules 3-phosphoglycerate |
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Term
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Definition
| Endergonic two-step reaction, couples ATP hydrolysis with reduction of 6 3-phosphoglycerates to 6 G3Ps. Net gain of 1 G3P because the other 5 are used to regenerate 3 RuBPs. |
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Definition
| rearranges carbon skeletons of 5 G3P to 3 RuBP, requires 3 ATp |
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Term
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Definition
a metabolic pathway that reduces the yield of photosynthesis; consumes oxygen and evolves carbon dioxide but produces no ATP and decreases photosynthetic output.
Occurs because active site of rubsico can accept O2 as well as CO2, reduces organic molecules used in the Calvin cycle |
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Term
| Photorespiration is fostered by |
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Definition
| hot, dry, bright days when plants close stomata to prevent dehydration |
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Definition
| Precede Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into 4-C compounds. Leaf anatomy segregates the Calvin cycle from the initial incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds because of differing cell types (Bundle-Sheath and Mesophyll) |
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Definition
| arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf where the Calvin cycle occurs |
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Definition
| more loosely arranged between bundle-sheath cells and leaf surface |
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Term
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Definition
1. CO2 is added to PEP to form oxaloacetate, a C-4 product, in mesophyll cells using PEP Carboxylase.
2. Oxaloacetate is converted to another 4-C.
3. Mesophyll cells export the 4-C products through plasmodesmata to bundle-sheath cells where CO2 is released and fixed by rubisco in the Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| C4 Pathway, has an affinity for CO2 but not O2 |
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Term
| CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) Plants |
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Definition
| Avoid photorespiration by opening stomata primarily at night to take up CO2 and incorporate it into organic acids, which are stored in vacuoles of mesophyll cells until daytime when CO2 is released and light reaction can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle. |
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