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| producer; make their own organic molecules from light or inorganic substances |
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| consumers; obtain their organic material from another organism |
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| green pigment located within chloroplasts |
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| cells where chloroplasts are found; in the interior of the leaf |
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| pores on the underside of a leaf that open and close for gas exchange (O2/CO2) Major source of water loss-transpiration |
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| cytoplasm inside a chloroplast |
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| inner membrane of the chloroplast |
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| stacks of thylakoid membranes |
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| step in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process |
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| the second step in photosynthesis that involves atmospheric carbon dioxide fixation and reducation of the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate |
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| accepts hydrogen ions and electrons to form NADPH; energy stored as electrons is later used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide |
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| generation of ATP via ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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| incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules |
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| distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves |
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| range of radiation that travels through the air in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic waves (radio - gamma) |
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| part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from 380 nm to 750 nm |
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| discrete particles of light |
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| instrument that measures the proportion of lightof different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution |
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| graph that plots a pigment's light absorption vs. wavelength |
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| accessory pigments that are masked by chlorophyll; become visible in the fall when chlorophyll degrades |
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| organization of chlorophyll, proteins, and other molecules in the thylakoid membrane |
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| specific chlorophyll a molecule that is the final electron acceptor. The electron is then transfered from the reaction center to the primary electron acceptor |
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| primary electron acceptor |
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| traps an excited electron from the chlorophyll reaction center before it can return to ground state |
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| discovered first; best at absorbing light of 700 nm; involved in cyclic photophosphorylation |
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| best at absorbin light with 680nm wavelength; discovered 2nd |
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| path of electrons in the light reaction that goes from PSII to PSI to produce 1 NADPH and 1 ATP |
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| noncyclic photophosphorylation |
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| ATP synthesis during noncyclic electron flow |
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| more ATP than NADPH is needed to run the Calvin Cycle, therefore, excited electrons from PSI are shunted back to the ETC to make more ATP |
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| cyclic photophosphorylation |
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| production of ATP during cyclic electron flow |
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G3P- glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
(PGAL-phosphoglyceraldehyde)-alternate name |
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| carbohydrate produced directly from Calvin cycle |
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| rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) |
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| enzme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide; arguably the most abundant protein on Earth) |
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| plants in which the initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco; rice, wheat, soybeans |
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| metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP and decreases photosynthetic output: occurs on hot, dry bright days when stomata close and oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds carbon dioxide concentration |
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| alternate mode of carbon fixation: uses PEP carboxylase to add CO2 to PEP forming oxaloacetate which is shuttled to the bundle sheath cells where carbon dioxide is released and rubisco fixes it in the Calvin cycle (spatial separation) |
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| cells in C4 plants that are arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf where the Calvin cycle is confined to |
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| loosely packed cells in C4 plants that fix carbon dioxide using PEP carboxylase into oxaloacetate |
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| enzyme that has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco so it fixes carbon better on hot, dry days (C4 Plants) |
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| CAM plants - crassulacean acid metabolism |
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| close stomata during the day and open them at night to fix carbon dioxide into a variety of organic acids. The mesophyll cells store these acids until morning when the stomata close and the light reactions can supply the needed ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle |
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