Term
| inventory of speech sounds |
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Definition
| list of speech sounds that the client can articulate within normal limits |
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Term
| distribution of speech sounds |
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Definition
| refers to where the norm and aberrant articulations occured within a word |
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Term
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Definition
| consonants that occur before a vowel-these may be singletons or consonant clusters at the beginning of a word or utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| consonants that occur after a vowel- may be singletons or consonant clusters at the end of a word or utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| consonants that occur between two vowels. these may be singletons or consonant clusters at the juncture of two syllables |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by impaired phonemic systems; show difficulty using phonemes constrastively to differentiate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| indicated by the exact same realization (same distortion, substitution, and/or deletion) occuring every time in the child's realizations |
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Term
| inconsistent loss/realizations |
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Definition
| refer to substitutions or deletions that occur only in certain contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or an inability to produce speech sounds that results in aberrations in their form when compared to regular pronunciation. phonetic in nature |
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Term
| preservation of phonemic constrasts |
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Definition
| one sound is being used as substitutions for several phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
| testing the client's ability to produce a misarticulated sound in an appropriate manner when "stimulated" by the clinician to do so |
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Term
| comparable clinical circumstances |
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Definition
| both sounds were stimulable to the same degree and that the sounds in question seemed to have a comparable impact on the client's intelligibility |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the structure of the syllable within a word. (v, cv, cvc) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to any restriction or limitation established in the production of syllable shapes |
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Term
| phonological process analysis |
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Definition
| means of identifying substitutions, syllable structure, and assimilatory changes that occur in the speech of clients |
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Term
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Definition
| occur infrequently in the normal population |
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Term
| persisting normal processes |
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Definition
| child who makes active use of commonly noted phonological processes but beyond the age at which they are typically seen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| place-manner-voice analysis |
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Definition
| designed to classify only substitutions of one sound for another. distortions and deletions are not accounted for by this system |
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Term
| systematic sound preference |
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Definition
| pertains to the use of a single phonetic realitzation for different phonemes (can occur with both normal developmental processes and idiosyncratic processes) |
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Term
| variable use of processes |
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Definition
| two possibilities: 1. a process of operating on on target sound may in one context still be active and in another context suppressed OR 2. depending on the context, different processes may be operating on the same target phoneme |
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Term
| productive phonological knowledge |
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Definition
| determined by the breadth of the distribution of sounds and the use of phonological rules; breadth of distribution consists of: phonetic inventory, phonemic inventory, and distribution of sounds in the phonemic inventory |
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Term
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Definition
| includes all of the sounds that the child produced |
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Term
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Definition
| lists only those sounds used contrastively- that signal differences in meaning |
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Term
| distribution of speech sounds in the phonemic inventory |
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Definition
| includes an analysis of the distribution of sounds by word position and morphemes |
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Term
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Definition
| describe the phonotactic constraints operating within the child's system; three types: inventory constraints, positional constraints, & sequence constraints |
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Term
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Definition
| certain sounds do not occur in the phonetic or phonemic inventories |
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Term
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Definition
| certain sounds occur only in certain word positions but not in others |
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Term
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Definition
| certain sound combinations do not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| alter the production of sounds by changing segments in specific contexts or environments; 2 types: allophonic rules & neutralization rules |
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Term
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Definition
| describe phonetic variation in the production of a sound. free variation and complementary distribution can be employed to provide evidence on whether specific phonetic variation are employed to signal phonemic difference |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to two or more sounds that co-occur in the identical word position for the same word- do not signal a difference in meaning in the phonological system; random in terms of contextual facotrs |
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Term
| complementary distribution |
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Definition
| refers to those sounds that occur in mutually exclusive contexts; context-conditioned and predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the collapse of a phonemic contrast between sounds in certain contexts or environments |
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Term
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Definition
| those that are applied only in some cases or to some morphemes |
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Term
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Definition
| those rules that always apply to all morphemes when particular rule conditions are met |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a judgement made by a clinician based on how much of an utterance can be understood; intelligibility of speech sounds is influenced by number, type, and consistency of speech sound errors |
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Term
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Definition
| are attempts to quantify the degree of involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral label that refers to any variety of a language that is shared by a group of speakers; also encompasses specfic use of vocabulary, word forms, sentence structure and melodic patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| applied primarily to written language and the most formal spoken language situations, tends to be based on the written language and is exemplified in guides of usage or grammar texts |
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Term
| informal standard english |
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Definition
| takes into account the assessment of the members of the American-English speaking community as they judge the standardness of othe speakers; relies more on grammatical structures than pronunciation patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| refer to those varieties of spoken American English that are considered outside the continuum of Informal Standard English |
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Term
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Definition
| those dialects corresponding to various geographical locations |
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Term
| social or ethnic dialects |
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Definition
| dialects that are generally related to socioeconomic status and or ethnic background |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into: North central region, Inland North, Eastern New England, New York City and Western New England; for short vowels they all have a specific vowel shift- "The Northern Cities Vowel Shift," North Central and Inland North maintain long long vowels (including dipthongs) and postvocalic r-coloring; Eastern New England: r-lessness i.e. farm becomes fam, a and /aw/ are merged and lose distinction in caught versus cot; New York City: long vowels maintain high position, r-lessness of post-vocalic r (certain exceptions), vowel shifts "ah" has tense and lax, distinction between /a/ and /aw/ |
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Term
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Definition
| "Southern Shift" (vowel shift) however minimal changes in vowels in Charleston and Savannah; distinction of /a/ and /aw/- /aw/ is signaled by back upglide |
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Term
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Definition
| do not exhibit vowel shifts that are noted in the North and South; Midland is divided into North and South; consistent feature of South Midland is fronting of dipthong /ou/ resulting in caret like production (exceptions are Louisville, Kentucky and Savannah, Georgia); Philadelphia is considered South Midland while Pittsburgh and St. Louis are North Midland |
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Term
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Definition
| diversity of dialects diminishes as you move west- diffusion of northern, midland and southern characteristics; there are exceptions but the West primarily aligns with the Midland characteristics; most prominent - merger of /a/ and /aw/, fronting of /u/ |
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Term
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Definition
| biological label that is defined in terms of observable physical features (skin color, hair type and color, head shape and size) |
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Term
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Definition
| is a way of life developed by a group of individuals to meet psychosocial needs- consists of value, norms, beliefs, attitudes, behavioral styles and traditions |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the commonalities such as religion nationality and region |
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Term
| African American Vernacular English (AAVE, BE, AAE) |
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Definition
| systematic, rule-governed dialect is spoken by many but not all African American people within the United States; shares many similarities with SAE and Southern English, differences affect phonological, morphological, syntactical, semantic and pragmatic systems; variables influencing the use of this dialect include age, gender and socioeconomic status |
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Term
| limited English proficient |
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Definition
| used for any individual between the ages of 3 and 21 who is enrolled or preparing to enroll in an elementary or secondary school, who was not born in the US, or whose native language is a language other than English. Individuals who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives and come from an environment where a lnaguage other than English ahs had a significant impact on the individuals are also included. The difficulties in speaking, writing, or understanding the English language compromise the individual's ability to successfully achieve in classrooms, where the langauge of instruction is English or to participate fully in society (No Child Left Behind) |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the degree of the client's articulation and phonological disorder; most typically assess through either clinical judgment scales or percentages; clinical purpose: primary means to establish the need for clinical services |
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Term
| Clinical Judgment Scales of Severity |
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Definition
| *most applicable for clients in stages 3 & 4 but may be used with all clients; assess severity through the use of judges familiar with the client's speech (one or more clinicians) who are then asked to rank the child's articulation and phonological development as compared to persons of similar age or cognitive level of development |
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Term
| Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) |
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Definition
| used to establish the need for treatment with clients whose speech contains multiple substitutions and deletions (typically stage 3); measures severity as a function the percentage of consonants the client produces correctly out of the total number of the total number of consonants the client attempts |
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Term
| Articulation Competence Index (ACI) |
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Definition
| intended to establish the need for treatment in clients whose speech contains many distortions (selected children in stages 3 and 4); new measure developed to assess the percentage of consonant distortions out of the total number of speech sounds the client attemps |
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Term
| percentage of development |
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Definition
| used to establish the need for treatment in clients at all levels of articulation and phonological development (must useful in stages 1-3); difference between a client's chronological age and the age equivalent corresonding to his or her level of articulation and phonological development |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that affect intelligibility include the # of errors, types of errors, consistency of errors, speaking rate, and frequency of the error sound in the language; the factor most frequently cited by both SLPs and lay persons in deciding the severity of a client's articulation and phonological disorder; three means of measuring intelligibility: clinical scales of intelligibility, frequency of occurence, and effects of error patterns on intelligibility |
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Term
| clinical judgment scales of intelligibility |
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Definition
| used with clients in stages 2-4; a judge or judges familiar with the client are asked to rank the client's speech compared to persons of similar chronological or developmental age |
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Term
| frequency of occurrence analysis |
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Definition
| used with clients in stages 2-4 to help select treatment targets; frequency of occurence refers to the relative frequency of sounds in the language of the client's community |
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Term
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Definition
| clients in stage 3 to help with short term goals; speakers are more likely to be judged unintelligible as the number of patterns increase, deletion and assimilation patterns increase, unusual patterns occur, patterns co-occur, and variability of patterns increases |
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Term
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Definition
| age norms show the average ages at which children without developmental delays acquire articulation and phonological behaviors; are used to select treatment targets and establish the age corresponding to the clients artic and phono development |
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Term
| analysis of prespeech vocalizations |
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Definition
| undertaken with clients in stage 1 to help select short term goals and treatment targets; the clients level of vocal development is the highest age at which a vocalization occurs three or more times dure the evaluation session |
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Term
| analysis of consonants and consonant clusters |
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Definition
| describes the client's ability to produce the individual consonants and consonant clusters in the language spoken in the client's community; scales are used to help determine therapy targets |
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Term
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Definition
| used routinely with clients in stages 2-4; ability to stay a treatment target correctly during delayed or immediate modeling |
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Term
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Definition
| clients stages 2-4; help select treatment targets; a key environment is a phonetic environment in which the client is able to successfully produce a sound or class of sounds. key environments are often syllable and word positions, but may also include the presence of other sounds; example: a client who can produce velar stops only at the end of words |
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Term
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Definition
| select treatment targets for clients in stages 2-4; key words occur when a client's success in producing a sound is limited to a few specific words |
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Term
| Phonetic Placement and Shaping |
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Definition
| phonetic placement and shaping techniques physically direct a client to produce a sound |
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Term
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Definition
| determined for infants and toddlers born prematurely to determin the cilent's potential for articulation and phonological development- calculated for clients 24 months or younger |
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Term
| developmental age (mental age) |
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Definition
| the age that most closely corresponds to the client's level of cognitive development- calculated for clients with intellectual or cognitive impairments to determine potential for development |
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Term
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Definition
| child picks and chooses words that contain speech elements already produced |
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Term
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Definition
| pronounces a speech element differenly depending on the word in which it occurs; persistent use of this strategy results in extensive variability in the production of sounds |
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Term
| Favorite sounds and word recipes |
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Definition
| a child uses a few favorite sounds and recipes to pronounce all words |
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Term
| homonym seeking or avoiding |
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Definition
| a child either seeks or avoids homonyms |
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Term
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Definition
| knows the tune before the words |
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