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| written symbol or symbols that stand for one sound |
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| 2 or 3 adjacent consonants in one syllable with more than one sound |
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| 2 adjacent letters in a syllable with one sound (ph, gh, sh, ch, th, ng) |
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| phonograms or word families |
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| words or syllables that have the same vowel and ending letters and that rhyme |
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| smallest meaning bearing unit |
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| pronunciation of a cluster so that each grapheme or letter represents a sound (bl, pr, gr etc) |
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| two vowels that represent a shifting vowel sound (ou, ow, oi, oy) ex. ouch, oil, boy |
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| reduced vowel sound in an unstressed syllable ex. a in spiral, o in polite) |
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| says its own name (aid, eat etc) |
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| doesn't say its own name (unglided--> and, end, if, odd, up) |
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| syllable stressed in speech |
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| words that sound the same but have different spellings |
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| syllable that ends with a vowel sound |
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| syllable that ends with a consonant sound |
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| mapping elementary units of print to units of speech |
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| application of speech-sound correspondences and decoding rules to the teaching of reading letters or groups of letters (based on syllable) |
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| can be decoded using decoding rules and usual speech-spund correspondences |
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| irregularly spelled words |
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| must be learned as sight words; cannot be decoded using decoding rules and usual speech-sound correspondences |
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| rules for combining meaning-bearing units |
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| rules for combining words into sentences or larger units (grammar) |
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| study of meanings in langauge |
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| rules for combining graphemes (spelling) |
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| study of all speech sounds (or language) and how these speech sounds are produced and written |
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| study of nature and function of human language |
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| When there is one vowel in a syllable and it is not the final letter (ten, cactus), it usually stands for its short sound. |
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| When there is one vowel in a syllable and it is the final letter (me, halo), it usually stands for its long sound. |
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| When there are two successive vowels in a syllable (coat, maintain), and they are not a special digraph, the long sound of the first generally occurs. |
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| When there are two vowels in a syllable the second of which is a final e (cube, stampede), the long sound of the first generally occurs. |
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| When r follows a vowel in a syllable, the vowel plus r stand for one of three sounds that can be identified in such words as her, for, and art. |
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| The sound in her is the most common and is spelled ar (dollar), er (her) , ir (sir), or (word), and ur (hurt). Vr |
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| re follows a vowel in a syllable, different sounds result |
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| Vre ex. car--care, her--here |
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1. y is in a syllable that has no vowel letter and it is not in final position , it sounds as an i
2. When y records the final sound in a one-syllable word (my, dye), it commonly stands for the long i sound.
3. When Y is in a multisyllabic word and records the final sound in a syllable that is not the last one (hyphen, cycle), it commonly stands for the long i sound.
4. When Y is the final sound in a multi syllable word, it makes the long e sound |
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| C and G hard sounds when followed by e, i, or y |
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| when they aren't they use their hard sounds |
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| when start a word, the first letter is silent |
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| when b and t are in one syllable |
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| When two consonants are preceded and followed by vowels (window), a syllabic division commonly occurs between the consonants (win dow). |
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| when a consonant is preceded and followed by vowels (odor), that consonant and the vowel following it generally are in the same syllable (o dor). |
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| When x or r is preceded and followed by vowels (taxi, very), it is in the same syllable as the preceding vowel (tax i, ver y ) |
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| When a word ends in a consonant followed by le (cable), the consonant plus le comprise a syllable (ca ble) |
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| When the inflection ed is added to a verb that ends in t (dart) or d (need), it adds a syllable to the verb (dart ed, need ed). |
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| Otherwise, it adds a sound but not a syllable (played, watched). |
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| When a plural is formed with es, that inflection is a separate syllable (box es, wish es). |
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| When it is formed with s, it is not a separate syllable (girls, books). |
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