- primary process is to provide vital exchange of gasses  for life

- secondary function is to generate a source of energy

external costals

internal costals

subcostals

- raise the lower ribs up and out

- assist with active exiration by pulling the ribs down and in decreasing thoracic volume

- pull the lower ribs down and apart 

breathing during speech

pressure inside thoracic cavity greater than outside

larynx

-suspended by muscles and ligaments

- attached to the hyoid bone

- voice source

intrinsic muscles

- responsible for production of voice

- work together to close the vocal chords with the exception of the posterior cricoarytenoid

- only muscle that abducts the vocal chords

throat

- teeth, hard & soft palate, tongue

- most sounds resonate here

nasal cavity

-opening/closing of the velum

- /m/  /n/  /ng/

processes the brain controls

determines how the oral cavity is shaped, thereby producing various vowel sounds

front vowels

cetral vowels

back vowels

- tongue is shifted forward

- tongue is in a neutral position

- tongue is shifted backward

low vowels

mid vowels

high vowels

- tongue is lower than at rest position

- tongue is raised slightly from rest

- tongue is raised above mid-plane

sound is produced by a partially or completely constricted vocal tract

sound produced with repeated contact

voicing

(ALL VOWELS ARE VOICED)

space between the vocal folds

adducted

abducted

- closed

- open

- building of pressure below the glottis that explains the opening of the vocal folds

- cause of the closing of the vocal folds after they have been forcefully opened is air traveling from the lungs, passes through the constricted pathway causing the velocity to increase and the pressure to decrease

-drop in pressure causes a suction to draw the vocal chords together

/t, d/

/l, s/

complete contact alveolar sounds

incomplete contact alveolar sounds

palatals

(alvelopalatals, prepalatals, postpalatals)

/b/ 

/w/

complete obstruent sound 

incomplete obstruent sound

affricates

stridents

sibilants

(subset of stridents)

liquids

(sonorants) 

tongue agains upper teeth or gum ridge

- letter /t/   - ladder /d/ 

active articulator is held against the passive articulator and is set into vibrations by the breath stream 

(spanish /r/)

- the soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard palate

-the ___ can also move: if it lowers it creates an opening that allows air to flow out through the nose; if it stays raised, the opening is blocked, and no air can flow through the nose

- the main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate

- the ___ moves to make vowels and many consonants

- the fold of tissue below the root of the tongue

- helps cover the larynx during swallowing, that food goes into the stomach and not the lungs

- folds of tissue stretched across the airway to the lungs

- can vibrate against each other providing much of the sound during speech

- determines if a feature is turned on (present) it is given a +. if the feature is turned off (absent) it is given a -. 

- 19 features

produced with an oral cavity that is not restricted

- /i/ & /u/

- speech sound production 

- study the functions and structures of the vocal tract

- study of language variations that cause speech sound differences called dialects

- result from barriers that isolate groups 

environmental conditions, educational background, self-image, dialect, health, fatigue, emotions, age

style of speech we adjust to meet the perceived needs of our listeners

mastered early, rarely misarticulated

- children who substitute the same ___ for many different ___ have many homonyms