What does IPA stand for?

   Phonetics is a part of which larger science?

  What is another word for soft palate?

Inhalation - When the diaphragm contracts it moves downward towards the abdominal area causing the chest cavity to expand. This lowers the air pressure in the lungs causing air in the environment to be pulled into the lungs through air passages.

Exhalation - As the diaphragm relaxes, the space in the chest cavity is reduced forcing air out of the lungs.

Where is the larynx located?

Name the three resonatory cavities.

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

It extends from upper part of nasal cavity to soft palate

can be closed of from the oropharynx when the velum 

closes off the velopharyngeal port

extends from soft palate to hyoid bone

opens to mouth

can create a variety of forms for speech

extends from oropharynx to the entrance of the esophagus and

sits on top of the trachea

vibrating mechanism that houses the vocal folds

1. tip
2. blade
3. front
4. back
5. root

What are the average frequencies of adult male and female voices?

What are three parameters used to describe vowels?

How are consonants classified?

 What is the difference between a monophthong and a diphthong?

 What and where is the velopharyngeal port?

    /s/    /z/

  /ʃ/  /ʒ/

What are obstruents?

They include stops, fricatives, and affricates

Sonorants include: nasals, glides, and liquids

 What is the difference between stops and fricatives?

Stops - Plosives

Fricatives - turbulence

Glides are followed by a vowel, thus cannot be pronounced at the end of a word.

Identify a consonant whose place or articulation is glottal.

Which consonants can function as syllabics?

How are syllabic consonants identified in transcription?

 What is another name for the category glide?

    What are flaps and when do they occur?

In words that contain and “ng” or “nk” sequence, why does the alveolar /n/ typically get moved to the velar position?

  What are affricates?

What are the three allomorphs (variant of a morpheme) of plural in English?

 What determines which allomorph is used?

 What is a plosive?

Why is /ʒ/ typically the last consonant mastered by children acquiring English?

    /ʔ/ is a ________________________.

Explain why some speech sounds are more periodic (quasi-periodic – with a recurring pattern) while others are aperiodic (with no steady pattern). 

   What factors determine a speaker’s fundamental frequency?

Determined by length and mass of vocal folds.

The bottom line is the voice bar, a person’s fundamental frequency 

(F₀)

    Why is the vocal tract a variable resonator?

The Vocal Tract can change deminsions.

(i.e. posutre)

 What are formants?

    What factor determines Formant 2?

How might you identify a diphthong on a spectrogram?

On a spectrogram, what variable is represented by  the x-axis?

On a spectrogram, what variable is represented by  the y-axis?

On a spectrogram, what variable is represented by  the darkness/lightness of the display?

Which class of speech sound is comprised of transient bursts?

  Are you likely to hear pure tones in your natural environment?

    Name a device capable of producing a pure tone.

Pure Tone Generator

Audiometer

   What are the suprasegmentals of speech?

1. Intonation
2. Stress
3. Rate
4. Juncture

  What is an intonation contour?

where rise and fall pattern of sentence reflects emphasis, importance, and/or meaning

"You bought that." versus "You bought that?"

Why would fricatives be difficult to perceive by people with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss?

  What is coarticulation?

 Explain why the /t/ sound in the words ‘two’, ‘tea’, ‘true’, and ‘butter’ differ from each other.

Which group of English speech sounds is associated with antiresonances?

 What is voice onset time?  How do voiceless word-initial stop consonants differ from voiced word-initial stop consonants in terms of VOT?

The time that elapses from the beinging of a word and phonation, it differentiates voiced from voiceless sounds.

VOT for Voiceless - 45 ms

VOT for Voiced - 0-10 ms

  What is categorical perception?

We hear categories of sound.

• Stop consonants are perceived categorically
• We can't hear the degree of change in VOT, we siimply note the difference, for example in /ti/ versus /di/

  How is a substitution different from a distortion?

substitution is where you completly use a different consonant 

distortion is when you keep the same consonant but is pronounced with a lisp

Making a velar sound and alveolar.

t/k d/g/ n/ŋ

(error/target)

Substitution of a stop for a fricative.

/ɪd/ for /ɪz/

(error/target)

Part of the cluster is omitted

hand "han"

street "treet"

Deletion of an entire weak syllable 

banana = nana

Substitution of a vowel, typically /ʊ/ for syllabic [l]

/baɾʊ/ for "bottle"

Deletion of a consonant at the end of a syllable or word

/ta/ dor "top"

An alveolar sound is made velar.

k/t  g/d ŋ/n 

Deletion of a consonant at the beginning of a word or syllable.

/æt/ for "pat"

   Which of the processes above is/are considered non-developmental?

Backing

Glottal Substitution 

Initial Consonant Deletion

If you are not developing you have a "BIG" problem

A child begins to produce a cluster then reduces it for ease of articulation.

example: "tree" - "twee"

Entire cluster is deleted

Paste - Pa

In a cluster the child does not delete an element but adds features

swim becomes "fim"

Insertion of a vowel between a consonant cluster

example blue - /bəlu/

The pronunciation of the whole word is influenced by a particular sound in that word

/gag/ for "dog" /keik/ for "take"

Substitution of a glide for a liquid 

/wait/ for /rait/

Replication of a syllable. A two-syllable word with different syllables turned into a replicated sysllable

"wa wa" water

"ki ki" kitty

The loss of r-coloring in central vowels with r-colering 

Tree becomes Tee

Voicing a voicless consonant before a vowel

Key becomes /Gi/

A Normal voiced sound is replaced by a voiceless sound

example /pIt/ for /bIt/

S= Substitution

O= Omission

D = Distortion

A = Addition

Substitution of a glottal stop for any other consonant

Austin becomes /aʔIn/

Advantage - with a limited program and limited rules a computer could produce an unlimited amount of words

Disadvantages - Speech does not sound natural. 

No suprasegmentals.

Advantages - A recording of a personal voicemail sounds natural. 

Disadvantage - limited to what you can record.

Must record every variation necessary.