Term
What are the phases of drug developement? |
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Definition
preclinical trials(animals)
phaseI(healthy human volunteers)
phaseII(patients that have the disease)
phaseIII(vast clinical market)
phaseIV(after fda approval cont monitering) |
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Term
| What are the three names given to drugs? |
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Definition
1.chemical- describe chemical structure
2.generic- simple name of drug(acetomenifen)
3.trade-name brand(tylenol) |
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Term
| when a drug is doing what it is supposed to do |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the teratogenic grading scale? |
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Definition
A.adequate studies have shown that it is safe
B.animal studies have shown that it is safe but no adequate studies have shown it is safe in humans
C.animal studies have shown adverse effects but no adequate studies in humans
D.evidence of of human fetal riskbut benefits may outweigh risks
X.evidence of adverse effects that outweigh any benefits. |
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Term
| what is the schedules of controlled substances? |
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Definition
scheduleI-high abuse potential and no accepted med use
scheduleII-high abuse potential with severe dependency
scheduleIIIless abuse than II mod dependency
schedule IVless abuse than III limited dependency
sheduleV- limited abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that used to treat rare conditions and is not financially viable to drug companies |
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Term
| what is critical concentration? |
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Definition
| the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues to cause the desired effect |
|
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Term
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Definition
| use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach critical concentration |
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Term
| what is biotransformation? |
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Definition
| the process by which drugs are changed into new less active chemicals occurs in liver |
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Term
| describe the first pass effect |
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Definition
| when a drug is taken orally it passes through the portal venous system to the liver were a large portion of the oral dose it destroyed. |
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Term
| what are the types of drug administration? |
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Definition
1.sublingual(under tongue)
2.IM(intra muscular)
3.Iv admin 4.subcutaneous
5.intra dermal 6.PO(oral)
7.intra orfice 8.topical
9.transdermal(patch)
10.inhalation
11.intrathecal(spinal cord)
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Term
| what can influence drug action? |
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Definition
| age, weight, race, pathology, genetics, enviroment, psychological, tolerance, accumulative, interactions. |
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Term
| what are the four types of adverse effects? |
|
Definition
primary-extension of desired effects
secondary-other reaction beside what you wanted
hypersensitivity
allergy -anxious >heartrate hive
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Term
|
Definition
| when the drug biproducts cause damage |
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Term
| what are extra pyramidial side effects? |
|
Definition
slow reflexes, rigidity, involuntary movements,
increased heart rate, fever |
|
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Term
| what are parkinson like side effects? |
|
Definition
| muscle tremors, changes in gait, drooling. spasms, akinesia, restlessness |
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Term
| aminoglycosides prototype, therapeutic actions,pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
gentamicin
wide spectrum gram-
Im or Iv |
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Term
aminoglycosides contraindictions
and cautions, adverse effects |
|
Definition
ototoxic, neurotoxic,and nephrotoxic
NVD,sinusitis,dizziness,rash,fever
risk of nephrotoxicity |
|
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Term
| cephalosporins prototype,therapeutic actions,pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
cefaclor(2nd gen cephalosporin)
treatment of resp,otitis media,skin,uti,
typhoid fever,anthrax
gram- some+
usually po
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|
|
Term
cephalosporins contraindications,
adverse effects |
|
Definition
nephrotoxicity
NVD,rash,superinfection,bone marrow depression,pseudomembranous colitis |
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|
Term
Fluoroquinolones prototype,
therapeutic actions
pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
ciprofloxacin
wide spectrum gram-
resp,skin,uti,ear,eye,bone and joint,
anthrax, typhoid fever
po |
|
|
Term
fluoroquinolones contraindications,
adverse effects |
|
Definition
do not give to children causes legions
on developing cartilage
headache,dizziness,hypotension,NVD,fever,rash, photosensitivity
dont take with antacids |
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|
Term
extended spectrum penicillins prototype,
therepeutic actions,pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
amoxicillin, broad spectrum,
Po rapidly absorbed in gi |
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|
Term
penicillin cautions,adverse effects,
drug-drug interactions |
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Definition
penicillin allergy, NVD,glossitis, stomatitis, bone marrow suppression, rash, fever, superinfection, lethargy,
if taken with aminoglcosides will
deactivate aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
sulfonamides prototype,
actions, pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
cotrimoxazole(a combo drug), treat uti,otitis
media in kids,chronic bronchitis,travelers diarrhea,
po rapidly absorbed in GI |
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Term
| sulfonamides caution,adverse effects |
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Definition
dont give to pregnant or breastfeeding women,
NVD, hepatocellular necrosis, hematuria, bone marrow suppression, stevens-johnson syndrome, rash, urticaria,photophobia, fever, chills |
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|
Term
tetracycline prototype, therapeutic actions,
pharmokinetics |
|
Definition
tetracycline, wide spectrum when
penicillin cannot be used,
Po and topical, absorbs adequetly, take on empty
stomache no milk antacids or iron products |
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Term
| tetracycline cautions, adverse effects, drug-drug interactions |
|
Definition
use with caution in pregnant women and young children causes damage to devloping bone and teeth,
NVD, super infection, damage to teeth,
yeast infections, photosensitivity,
weakens oral contreceptives,
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Term
antituberculosis prototype, therapeutic action,
pharmo kinetics |
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Definition
isoniazid, treatment of TB as part of combination therapy, prophylactic for household members of someone with TB,
po generally well absorbed. |
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Term
| antituberculosis cautions, adverse effects |
|
Definition
possible adverse effects on fetus,
NVD, cns effects neuritis, dizziness, headache, malaise, drowsiness,and hallucinations |
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Term
| what is the prototype for agents for herpes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
acyclovir side effects and
nursing implications |
|
Definition
renal dysfunction, head ache,vertigo,
tremors, nausea vomiting
give fluids to fight renal dysfunction, should not be used with pregnant women or children |
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Term
| what is the prototype for azoles? |
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Definition
| flucanazole to treat fungal infections |
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|
Term
what are the side effects and nursing
implications of fluconazole? |
|
Definition
severe hepatic toxicity, can cause severe
effects on fetus or nursing baby
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Term
| antiprotozoal prototype, what it does |
|
Definition
metronidazole
treats parasites giardia, trypanosoma,etc |
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Term
| antiprotozoal side effects and nursing implications |
|
Definition
cns effects, gi effects ,liver damage, superinfections,
avoid giving to breast feeding women,
do not combine with alcohol, or anticoagulants |
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