Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheath (of brain and spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before meals (ante cibum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiotensin-converting enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freely, as desired (ad libitum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiotensin II receptor blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two times a day (bis in die) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| histamine h2 receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isoniazid- antituberculosis agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monoamine oxidase inhibitor - an antidepressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nothing by mouth (nil per os) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient-controlled analgesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physicians Desk Reference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as needed; as necessary (pro re nata, as the occasion arises) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every hours (quaque hora) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| four times a day (quater in die) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sufficient quantity (quantum satis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective estrogen receptor modulator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directions- hot to take medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if it is necessary (si opus sit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor- an antidepresaant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three times daily (ter in die) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Particles of drug (in solution) suspended in air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to without sensitivity to pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that relaxes the smooth muscle lining bronchial tubes and is used to treat asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An unexpected effect of a drug that is peculiar to an individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Condition of working together; the drug action in which the combination of two
drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition of being without nervous sensation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An agent that acts against histamine production in the body. Histamine is
released as a result of an allergic reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to a condition of sleep (a trance-like state). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to an adverse condition that is caused or produced by a physician or a specific treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the tongue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antibiotic that is produced from a red (erythr/o) mold (myc/o). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pertaining to a substance that produces stupor (has a morphine- or opium-like
action). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to an agent that acts to relieve itching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to an agent that acts to relieve fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to within the sheath of membranes surrounding the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of poisons and the harmful effects of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance that causes blood vessels to widen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to within a vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance in foods that is essential in small quantities for growth and good
health (life-giving amines). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A hypersensitive state of the body to a foreign protein (antigen) or drug; can
produce severe symptoms and shock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agent given to counteract unwanted effect of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that acts against microorganisms, such as bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factor in the patient’s condition that prevents the use of a drug or treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to injection of drugs other than through the intestines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to synergism (the drug action in which the sum of the effects of giving two drugs together is greater than that of giving each drug alone). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that lowers blood pressure (antihypertensive). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical and psychologic dependence on and craving for a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Particles of drug suspended in air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central nervous system stimulant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or to a foreign protein (antigen). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of nervous feeling or sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that reduces or eliminates nervous sensation |
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker |
|
Definition
| Drug that lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that works against acid in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of two drugs gives less than the sum of the effects of each together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that slows the uptake of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that treats abnormal heart rhythms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that prevents blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that prevents convulsions and seizures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that relieves symptoms of depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that prevents diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that prevents nausea and vomiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that acts against itching (pruritus). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that acts against viruses such as the herpes virus and HIV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme, aromatase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to killing bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to inhibiting bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) on the heart and blood vessels and thus lowers blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agent that dilates (widens) blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that prevents bone loss in osteoporosis and osteopenia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commercial name for a drug; trade or trademark name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central nervous system stimulant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that stops entrance of calcium into muscle of the heart and blood vessels. This lowers blood pressure and restores normal heart rhythm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs which increase the force of contractions of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular drugs act on the heart and blood vessels; ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta-blockers, statins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that relieves constipation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical formula for a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol-lowering drug |
|
Definition
| Controls hypercholesterolemia (high levels of cholesterol in the blood); statin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factors in a patient’s condition that prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that promotes or increases the production of urine (diuresis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of drug administered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that promotes vomiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to internal secretion. An endocrine drug is a hormone or hormone-like drug; androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotic that is extracted from a red (erythr/o) mold (-mycin). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female hormone that promotes secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to the stomach and intestinal tract (intestines). Gastrointestinal drugs include antiulcer, antidiarrheal, and antacid medications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legal, noncommercial name for a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces tissue inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that promotes sleep or a trance-like state (hypnosis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to a condition that is produced (-genic) by a physician or treatment (iatr/o). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive individual, but not seen in most patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient but not seen in most people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to within the meninges or membranes surrounding the spinal cord. Drugs may be administered intrathecally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weak cathartic; promotes movement of feces through the colon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug and its biologic effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the interaction of drugs and their target molecules, enzymes, or cell surface receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Habit-forming drug that relieves pain by producing stupor and insensibility; morphine and opium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that are given by mouth. |
|
|
Term
| Parenteral administration |
|
Definition
| Drugs or nourishment are given intravenously (within a vein) and other than through the intestinal tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialist in preparing and dispensing drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; study of preparing and dispensing drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the effects and strength of a drug within the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calculation of drug concentration in tissues and body fluids over a period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialist in the study of the properties, uses, and actions of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the properties, uses and actions of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and hormone replacement therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that relieves constipation and is a strong cathartic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of beneficial response; see when drugs are unable to control the disease process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections that affect breathing; bronchodilators are respiratory drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desired and beneficial effect of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exact timing and frequency of drug administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mild sleep inducing agent that relaxes a patient without necessarily producing sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adverse effect that routinely results from the use of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that excites and promotes activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to under the tongue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug action in which the combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretion from the thyroid gland that stimulates cellular metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug action in which larger and larger doses must be given to achieve a desired effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; ointments, lotions, and creams are examples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harmful effect of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branch of pharmacology that studies harmful chemicals and their effects on the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that widens blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. plants (foxglove (digitalis), yew tree (taxol)
2. animals (pregnant mare's urine--Premarin)
3. synthetic
4. food substances (vitamins) |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacology is the broad specialty with subspecialties of: |
|
Definition
· medical chemistry
· pharmacodynamics (drug absorption, metabolism, excretion)
· pharmacokinetics
· chemotherapy
· molecular pharmacology
· toxicology |
|
|
Term
| All drugs have 3 different names: |
|
Definition
1. brand name (denoted by TM or registered mark) also known as proprietary name. Only 1 drug company can use a particular brand name.
2. generic name (often describes the chemical name) becomes public property after 17 years.
3. organic or chemical name (describes chemical compound of drug) that may contain letters and/or numbers of chemical ingredients. |
|
|
Term
| Legislation Dates of Importance: |
|
Definition
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act: a drug has to have a label that indicated what was in the drug.
1970 Controlled Substances Act: establishes the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency).
1983 Orphan Drug Act: government provides tax incentives for drug companies to research and develop drugs that may only be used by a small portion of the population for a rare disease. |
|
|
Term
| Drug References Used Most Often by Professionals: |
|
Definition
1.USP: United States Pharmacopeia is the most authoritative reference containing every drug currently approved by the FDA.
2. Hospital Formulary: simply a list of all the drugs authorized for prescribing within a certain health care system. For example, the Kaiser system has a list of every drug that can be prescribed by Kaiser providers that will be paid for by the company. Any drug prescribed that is not in this formulary will not be paid for by Kaiser and the patient will be responsible for paying the entire cost.
3. PDR: drug companies pay this private company to publish drug information in this book. May be incomplete and not the best reference. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. tablets: least costly, easiest to use but takes longest to get drug to its target
2. sublingual: under the tongue
3. rectal: use of suppository when unable to use oral route or for local action in mucosa of rectum
4. parenteral: includes all types of injections such as ID, SQ, IM, IV (fastest route), intrathecal, intracavitary
5. inhalation: use of aerosols
6. topical: use of creams, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2+2=4 Combination of two drugs is equal to the sum of each. |
|
|
Term
| 2. synergism/potentiation: |
|
Definition
| 2+2=5 Combination of two drugs is greater than each given individually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unexpected effect; i.e., anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an effect produced by treatment; i.e., a yeast infection after taking antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| routine toxic effects of a drug that can often be seen with use of a drug; i.e., nausea/vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors in a patient's condition that make use of a drug dangerous; i.e., use of drugs in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relieve pain; i.e., morphine, hydrocodone w/APAP, and NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory) such as ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit or stop growth of bacteria, fungi, or parasites; i.e., penicillin. or amoxicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces or eliminates sensation either in a particular area or throughout the entire body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent blood clotting; i.e., heparin. or warfarin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug tha prevents chest pain due to ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent and/or decrease severity of convulsions used to treat epilepsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treat symptoms of depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin replaces natural insulin for Type I (IDDM), and oral drugs stimulate production of insulin in the pancreas or supress glucose production in the liver for Type II (NIIDDM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block the action of histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are a type of antiarrhythmic drug that block the action of epinephrine in the heart muscle and blood vessel walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to replace hormones, treat specific diseases and conditions (cancer) and can also be used to provide contraception -- estrogen (Premarin) and progestins (Provera). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be used to neutralize or block secretion of HCl, relieve diarrhea, n&v, vertigo, and relieve constipation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to calm and relax. but do not always produce sleep. Most depress the CNS (zolpidem (Ambien) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (used to treat migraine headaches) and causes vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of amphetamine) used to treat Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ADD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Ritalin another stimulant used to treat Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ADD). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to control severe anxiety and disturbances in behavior in the treatment of neurosis (a state of increased anxiety) and major tranquilizers used to treat psychosis (loss of contact with reality). |
|
|
