Term
| What are Autacoids ? And examples ? |
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Definition
Are biological factors that act like hormones, act briefly, and act locally (use pracrine signalling).
3 examples:
H S E (Histamine, Serotonin, Eicosanoids) |
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Term
| H2 Histamine Receptors are involved in what things ? |
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Definition
CV Vasodilation (like H1 receptor)
Increased contractility and pacemaker
Gastric acid secretion |
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Term
| All 4 histamine receptors (H1 to H4) are ? |
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Definition
| G protein linked and have constitutive activity |
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Term
| Histamine aerosol can be used as provocative test for ? |
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Definition
| Nonspecific bronchial hyperactivity |
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Term
| 2 histamine release inhibitors ? |
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Definition
Cromolyn and nedocromil
They also decrease immunologic mast cell degranulation |
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Term
| Exs of First Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists (or Inverse Agonists) ? |
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Definition
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Meclizine
Promethazine
etc... |
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Term
| Exs of Second Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists ? |
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Definition
F L A C
Fexofenadine
Loratidine (Allegra)
Acrivastine
Cetirizine (Zyrtec) |
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Term
| H1 receptor antagonists (both 1st and 2nd generation) are ineffective in treating ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 side effects of H1 receptor blockers ? |
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Definition
| Sedation (more common with 1st generation agents) and dry mouth |
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Term
| Exs) of H2 Receptor Antagonists and uses? |
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Definition
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Ranitidine (Zantac)
Famotidine (Pepcid)
Nizatidine
Uses:
Inhibitor of Gastric acid secretion (main use)
Peptic ulcers
Acute stress ulcers
GERD |
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Term
| Which H2 receptor antagonist has the most side effects like confusion, hallucinations, antiandrogenic effects, and **inhibits cytochrome P450 and can slow metabolism of most drugs ** ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which serotonin receptor is the only monamine neurotransmitter receptor known to function as a ligand-gated ion channel ? |
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Definition
| 5-HT3 receptor (Ondansetron drug) |
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Term
| Example of a 5-HT 1D/1B receptor agonist ? |
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Definition
Sumatriptan is the prototype
Triptans are fist line therapy for acute severe migraine attacks |
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Term
| Ex of a 5-HT2 Serotonin Receptor Antagonist) ? |
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Definition
Cyproheptadine
Uses are:
allergic rhinitis
vasomotor rhinits
management of serotonin syndrom |
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Term
| Ergot Alkaloids affect what receptors ? |
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Definition
alpha adrenoceptors
5-HT receptors
CNS dopamine receptors |
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Term
| 4 uses of Ergot Alkaloids ? |
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Definition
Migraine (Triptans preferred but Ergotamine and Dihydroergotamine can be effective)
Hyperprolactinemia (Bromocriptine and Cabergoline)
Postpartum Hemorrhage (Oxytocin preferred but Ergonovine or Methylergonovine can be used)
Diagnosis of Variant Angina (Ergonovine provokes coronary artery spasm) |
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Term
| Main source of eicosanoids is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 subgroups of eicosanoids ? |
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Definition
PPT L
Prostaglandins, Prostacyclins, Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes |
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Term
| Which leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors and are secreted in asthma and anaphylaxis ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What eicosanoid is used for both maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus and impotence ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What eicosanoid is used in severe pulmonary htn and to prevent platelet aggregation in dialysis machines ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 drugs used to ripen cervix at or near term ? |
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Definition
| Dinoprostone (PGE2) and Misoprostol (PGE1 analog |
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Term
| What drug combos can be used as abortifacients ? |
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Definition
Dinoprostone and Carboprost Tromethamine or
MMM (Misoprostol, Mifepristone, or Methotrexate) |
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Term
| What drug can be used to prevent peptic ulcers in pts. taking high doses of NSAIDs ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What eicosanoid is a PGF2@ derivative and can be used for glaucoma ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids inhibit what ? |
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Definition
| Inhibit PLA2 and inhibit synthesis of COX-2 |
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Term
| NSAIDs work by inhibiting what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| No drugs affect what part of nephron ? |
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Definition
| Thin descending loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibitors of renal ion transporters that decrease the reabsorption of Na+ at diff. sites in the nephron
Major clinical uses are:
Managing edema and
treating htn |
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Term
| Where do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do loop diuretics act ? |
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Definition
| In the thick ascending loop of Henle, block NKCC2 Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransporter |
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Term
| Where do osmotic diuretics act ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do thiazide diuretics act ? |
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Definition
| In distal convoluted tubule, by blocking NCCT Na+/Cl- cotransporter |
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Term
| Where two diuretics act on the collecting duct ? |
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Definition
K+ sparing
ADH antagonists |
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Term
| Some examples of K+ sparing diuretics ? |
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Definition
S E A T
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
Amiloride
Triamterene |
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Term
| Adverse effects of loop diuretics ? |
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Definition
Ototoxicity
Hyperuricemia
K+ depletion
Hypomagnesemia
Allergic rxns
Acute hypovolemia |
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Term
| Adverse effects of thiazides ? |
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Definition
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
**Hyperglycemia in small cases**
Hyperlipidemia
Hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Thiazides have increased and decreased urinary excretion of what ? |
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Definition
Increased urinary excretion of Na+ , K+ , and urine volume
Decreased urinary excretion of Ca2+ |
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Term
| Method of action of Spironolactone and Eplerenone ? |
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Definition
| Act in collecting duct and antagonize aldosterone |
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Term
| What is the active metabolite of Spironolactone ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse effects of Spironolactone and Eplerenone ? |
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Definition
Gastric upset and peptic ulcers
** Endocrine effects (antiandrogen) - only seen with Spironolactone **
Hyperkalemia
Nausea, lethargy, mental confusion (rare) |
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Term
| Method of action of K+ sparing diuretics Amiloride and Triamterene ? |
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Definition
| Act in collecting duct by directly blocking epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) |
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Term
| Ex of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor diuretic and its uses ? |
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Definition
Acetazolamide
Uses are GEMM
G Glaucoma
E Epilepsy
M Mountain Sickness prophylaxis
M Metabolic Alkalosis |
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Term
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors show increased urinary excretion of what things ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uses and adverse effects of osmotic diuretics (like Mannitol) ? |
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Definition
Uses:
Increase urine flow in pts. with acute renal failure
Reduce intracranial pressure and trt of cerebral edema
Promote excretion of toxic substances
Adverse effects)
Extracellular water expansion which can lead to hyponatremia
Tissue dehydration |
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Term
| Conivaptan is what type of drug ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uses of ADH Antagonist diuretics ? |
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Definition
Euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia
SIADH
Maybe HF |
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Term
| What cardiac adverse effect can using ADH Antagonist diuretics cause ? |
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Definition
Atrial fibrillation
Other adverse effects are:
Infusion site rxns
Thirst
GI & electrolyte disturbances
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
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