Term
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Definition
| Derived from fatty acids that make up cell membranes, cell-specific, exert complex control over bodily systems (inflammation, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, coagulation, pain, fever) |
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Term
| Cyclooxygenase (COX) Products |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins (PG), Prostacyclin (PGI2), Thrmoboxane (TX); collectively know as the prosanoids, a subclass of eicosandoids |
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Term
| Lipoxygenase (LOX) Product |
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Definition
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Term
| MOA of Eicosanoid Production |
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Definition
| Arachadonic acid is released from the phospholipids of the cell membrane under certain circumstances. It is acted on by COX to produce prostaglandins, prostocyclin, and thromboxane. AA is acted upon by LOX to produce leukotrienes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronchodilation, inhibits gastric acid secretion and increases mucus production, contracts pregnant uterine muscle, induces fever, sensitizes nervous system to pain, promotes inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Contracts uterine muscle, lowers intraocular pressure, |
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Term
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Definition
| contracts pregnant uterine muscle, relaxes smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronchodilation, Inhibit gastric acid secretion and increases mucus production, sensitizes nervous system to pain, opposes TX by decreasing platelet adhesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Mimics the action of PGE2 which is released during natural labor and causes cervical ripening (vaginal gel or insert); vaginal suppository is for pregnancy termination in 2nd trimester and evacuation of uterine contents |
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Term
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Definition
| Mimics PGF2α which is produced by the uterus in the event there has been no implantation, causing uterine contraction which expels the products of conception |
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Term
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Definition
| Mimics PGE1 which inhibits gastric acid secretion and stimulates mucus and bicarbonate secretion providing a gastroprotective effect |
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Term
| Alprostadil (erectile dysfunction) |
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Definition
| Mimics PGE1 which causes smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosa |
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Term
| Alprostadil (patency of DA) |
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Definition
| Mimics PGE1 which causes vasodilation of the DA and prevents/reverses it from closing after birth |
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Term
| Epoprstenol, Iloprost, Treprostenil |
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Definition
| Mimics PGI2 which causes direct vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds and inhibition of platelet aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversibly (except for aspirin) inhibits COX 1&2 resulting in a decrease in prostaglandin formation |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic metabolite of APAP metabolism that builds up after GSH levels are depleted from conjugation leading to hepatic toxicity through reactions with hepatic proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| binds tubulin and inhibits its polymerization thus stopping leukocyte migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine release |
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Term
| Uricorsic Agents (Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone) |
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Definition
| Competitively inhibit uric acid reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule thereby promoting its excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| an isomer of xamthine oxidase that competitively ; it is metabolized to oxypurinol which is also a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-purine non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid thereby lowering UA levels |
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Term
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Definition
| bases that react with stomach HCL forming salt and water and increasing pH |
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Term
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Definition
| Block the H1 receptors on the surface of parietal cells which leads to reduced acid production |
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Term
| Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) |
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Definition
| Block the proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) in the parietal cells suppressing the secretion of protons in the the gastric lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| reacts with HCL in stomach when the negatively charged sucrose sulfate binds to the positively charged proteins in the base of ulcers or erosions forming a paste-like material that creates a barrier and restricts further damage; also stimulates mucosal prostaglandin and bicarbonate secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Coats ulcers and erosions creating a protective layer against acid and pepsin and has a direct antimicrobial action and binds enterotoxins. Also provides antisecretory effect reducing diarrhea and anti-inflammatory action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits D2 receptors increasing esophageal peristaltic activities and enhancing gastric emptying; when activated, D2 receptors usually inhibit smooth muscle stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| cholinesterase inhibitor that enhances ACh levels and increases gastric, small intestine, and colonic emptying |
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Term
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Definition
| absorb liquid in the intestines and swell stimulating intestinal muscle peristalsis resulting in elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce the surface tension of the oil-water interface of stool resulting in enhanced water incorporation and stool softening |
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Term
| Lubricant Laxatives (mineral oil) |
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Definition
| eases passage of stool by retarding colonic absorption of fecal water thus softening stool |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble compounds that create an osmotic gradient and pull water into the intestine resulting in increased stool liquidity |
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Term
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Definition
| nonabsorbable disaccharide, metabolized by GI bacteria into acetic and formic acids that exert osmotic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| ricinoleic acid containing agent that acts in the small intestine and reduces net absorption of fluid and electrolytes and stimulate peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| PEG1 derivative that stimulates chloride channels in the small intestine increasing release of chloride-rich fluids into the intestine thereby softening stool, increasing motility, and promotingn spontaneous bowel movements |
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Term
| Opioid receptor antagonists (Methylnaltrexone, Alvimopan) |
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Definition
| blocks opioid binding at the μ-opioid receptor in the GI tract and inhibits opioid-induced decrease in gastrointestinal motility and delay in gastrointestinal transit time decreasing opioid-induced constipation |
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Term
| Opioid Agonists (Loperamide, Diphenoxylate) |
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Definition
| act on the μ-opioid receptors in the large intestine and restricts GI motility and GI propulsion, decreasing intestinal transit time allowing for more water to be absorbed out of the fecal matter and slowing of the colonic mass movement |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin analog that inhibits the secretion of hormones (gastrin, chlecstokinin, secretin) and reduces intestinal fluid secretion as well as pancreatic and gallbladder secretions slowing GI motility |
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Term
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Definition
| muscarinic receptor blockers that block binding of ACh on the surface of smooth muscle cells of the intestine causing relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist that blocks GI 5-HT3 receptors and reduces pain, abdominal discomfort, urgency, and diarrhea associated with IBS |
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Term
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Definition
| act locally in the colon to decrease inflammation by modulating the COX and LOX derived chemical mediators, interfering with cytokine production, inhibiting cellular functions of NK cells and macrophages, and acting as free radical scavengers |
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Term
| Ondanestron, Granisetron, Dolasetron, Palonosetron |
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Definition
| serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist blocks the 5-HT3 receptor on both peripheral vagal nerve terminals and in the central chemoreceptor trigger zone |
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Term
| Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant |
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Definition
| blocks neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors in the vomiting center |
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Term
| Prochlorperazine, Droperidol, Metoclopramide, Trimethobenzamide |
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Definition
| D2 receptor antagonists that work in the chemoreceptor trigger zone |
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Term
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Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonist that works on receptors in vestibular system |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppresses hepatic synthesis and secretion of cholesterol, inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol, and accumulates in bile effectively solubilizing cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| agonists of the 5-HT(1B & 1D) serotonin receptors in the cerebral and meningeal vessel causing vasoconstriction and reduction in the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| Competitive inhibitor at leukotriene receptor cys-LT1 block bronchoconstriction and inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits 5-lipoxygnase (LOX) and reduces leukotriene production |
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Term
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Definition
| nonselective inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs), which catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides (ultimately increases levels of cAMP and cGMP and has many effects, most importantly relaxes smooth muscle and reduces activity of immune cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| PDE4 inhibitor; inhibition of this enzyme increases cAMP levels and reduces the activity of immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
| muscarinic receptor antagonists that competitively inhibit ACh blocking the contraction of airway smooth muscle and the increase in airway mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces disulfide bonds within proteins which decreases viscosity of mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that breaks down DNA decreasing polymerization which decreases mucus viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide antibiotic that interferes with cell wall synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide antibiotic that alters cell wall permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase, which inhibits protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| protein synthesis inhibitor due to interaction with unique site on 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome that inhibits peptidyl transferase function |
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Term
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Definition
| detergent – increases bacterial cell wall permeability, resulting in cell lysis (like gramicidin) |
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Term
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Definition
| protein synthesis inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotoxin; binds to picrotoxin site of GABA-A receptors; disrupts chloride channels, which disrupts GABA neurotransmission |
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