Term
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Definition
| inhibition of pathogenic cell growth at drug concentrationt hat minimally affect host cells |
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Term
| selectivity can be achieved |
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Definition
unique to pathogenic cells and not present in host cells
similar but not identifcla in pahtologic cells (rna pol or ribosmomes in bacteria)
shared by both pathogenic and host cells but differ in importance |
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Term
| target sfor anti bacterial drugs |
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Definition
cell wall synthesis
beta lactams
glycopeptides
isoniazid
pyramidizide
ethambutol (anti tb)
cell membrane integrity lipopeptide (daptomycin)
DNA syntheses- folate anoalogs
fluoroquinolones
mrna synthessi-rifamycins
protein synthesis-ribosome affectors
aminoglycosides
chloroamphenicol
lincosamides
macrolides
exazolidnone
streptogramiris
tetracyclines |
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Term
| bacterial ibosomes are sufficiently _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bateriocidal-lowest drug concentration at which 999.9 of microbes are killed after and 18-24 hour incubation |
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Term
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Definition
Minimum inhibitory COncentraation \
inhibit microbial growht
static -inhibits growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| its MBC is much greater than MIC |
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Term
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Definition
| its MBC is close to its MIC |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit bacterial growth they require host defense mechaism to eradicate infection |
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Term
| bactericidal kill bacteria |
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Definition
| they eradicate infection in who defense mechanisms are compormised |
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Term
| in immunocompromised patients use: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| you need to have active bacterial growth |
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Term
| penicillin is a ______ drug with little side effect |
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Definition
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Term
| side effects are a consequence of |
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Definition
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Term
| sometimes you want ot use bactericidal and bacteristatic together what is the effect |
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Definition
| it is bacteriastatic because the cells will not activley grow |
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Term
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Definition
inhibtors of cell wall synthesis (b lactams, vancomycins)
RNA polymerase (rifampin)
topoisomerase 9fluoroquniolone0
folic acid suynthesis
protein synthess
cell membrane integritty (daptomycin) |
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Term
| When is it important to use bactericidal drugs? |
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Definition
| When you have an immunocompromised patient |
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Term
| A few of the bactericidial drugs (aminoglycoside) you have _____ dependent killing |
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Definition
concentrating dependant killing
the higher the drug concentration the better the killing |
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Term
| In concentration dependent drugs- maximizing peak drug levels enhances the _______ effect |
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Definition
killing-
Drugs inhibit a post antibiotic affect |
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Term
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Definition
| serious gram negative infection. can give one a daye rather thane very few hourse. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth is suppressed even when the drug concentration drops belw the MIC |
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Term
| time dependent come back and fill in |
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Definition
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Term
| innate resistance to antibacterial drugs |
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Definition
reflects absence or inaccessibility of the drug target
if the bug doesn;t have the target
or if it is inaccesible. |
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Term
|
Definition
kills TB because of a compnenet in the mycobacter cell wall.
most bacteria are resistant to this |
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Term
| outer membrane of gram negative bacteria |
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Definition
outer lipid membrane with a PBP . To reach the raget in gram negative they have to go throught hte outer layer. They hgo through porins. Water soluable molecules only. You must add an amino group or make penicilling more polar.
Ampicillin
amoxicillin add amino to the penicillin |
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Term
| resistance require exposure? |
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Definition
| Acquired drug resistance doest not require prior exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit the growth of susceptible bacteria and select for the growth of pre-existing resistant bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
grow bugs without drug
improint colonies onto velvet
transfer colonies to plate with drug
grow bugs with drug
identify drug resistant colonies
analyze orginial colonies for drug resistance |
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Term
| How do bugs acqurie drug resistance 2 mechanis,s |
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Definition
spontaneous mutation
tranfer of mutant genes among plasmids and bacteria. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drug resistance gene on a plasmid. plasmid cna be carried to another bacteria by a bacterial phage and transduce this. |
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Term
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Definition
| gram negative especially enteric bugs. transfer directly |
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Term
|
Definition
| tranformation pneumococcus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 95 percent of drug resistance is |
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Definition
| on plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages |
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Term
| CHromosonal mutations separeate ________- |
|
Definition
independently
1. MRSA
2 PRSP penicillin resistnat strep pneumoniae
drug resistant M tuberculosis |
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Term
|
Definition
ressitance traner factor
responsible for enxaymes of transfer of plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| non pathogenic bacteria which get resistance plasmid |
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Definition
| serve as a resovoir as long as there is a selective pressure |
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Term
| pathogenic bacteria in the presence or rsistance |
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Definition
| can get widespread resistance |
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Term
| How can the administration of one antimicrobial drug elad to emeregence of bacteria resistance to multiple driugs? |
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Definition
| if it is on the same plasmid, theat plasmid will be slected for and then you get the multiple resistnace. |
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Term
| enzymatic inactivation of drugs |
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Definition
beta lactamases
modifying enzymes-aminoglycosies |
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Term
| enzymatic inactivation of drugs |
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Definition
beta lactamases
modifying enzymes-aminoglycosies |
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Term
| Co-evolution of antibiotic production and resistance |
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Definition
organizsims in soil compete fo rlimited nutrients and space-they developed antibitocs
-they developed protective mechansims-efflux pupls
antibiotic modifying enzymes or altered antibiotic ragets |
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Term
| antibacterial drugs as growth factors in liestock feed |
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Definition
| leads to development of resrovors of drug resistant bacteria in poultry and cattle and their transfer to human |
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Term
| phar industry reduces efforts to deiscover new anti |
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Definition
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Term
| rates of resistance to drugs in use increases |
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Definition
MRSA
sTREP PNEUMO AND tb
Multidrug resistant gram negative esp. Ps aeuruginosa |
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Term
|
Definition
reduce sources of selection pressure
inappropriat euse
viral ifnections
use of narrow drugs |
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Term
| Bacterial infection: three coplenents |
|
Definition
three component probnlem
host
bug drug |
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Term
| How do we know there is infection |
|
Definition
fever
signs of inflmmation
rubor coalor
odor
dolor |
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|
Term
formulate a provisional micro diagnoses then obtain _____ then
______ need for drugs
then presecribe ____ |
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Definition
labs to confrm or deny
assess need for drugs
prescirbe drug |
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Term
| WHat host factors help make a micro diagnosis? |
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Definition
Host defenses? Are they solid or not?
Age
Location of the infection
What organisms are most likely to cause these particular things? |
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Term
| What bug factors influnence the choice of antimicrobial |
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Definition
gram stain
type of bug
RESISTANCE! intrinsic and acquired |
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Term
| What drug factors infleunce the choice of drug |
|
Definition
cidal/static
therapeutic wondow/toxicity
drug interactions
antimicrobial spectrum |
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Term
| What host factors infleunce the choice of antimicrobial drug |
|
Definition
cidal or static?
location? brain?
insurance
renal hepati cfunction
age
allergy
pregnancy |
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Term
| are there wsituations in which antibacterial therapy is started proor to establsihing a definitive micro diagnosess |
|
Definition
TB
severity of disease if very bad or if very spreading of disease. |
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Term
| propholactic preventative antibacterial therapy |
|
Definition
prevent colonization by an infectious orgnaism
prevent disease after colonization has occurred |
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Term
| 20 yo male with abscess on the buttock |
|
Definition
| staph aureus or strep ppyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
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