Term
| Name 5 side effects that is associated with opiod drugs. |
|
Definition
Sedation
Constipation
Orthostatic Hypotension
Mood Changes (euphoria)
Slowed respiration |
|
|
Term
| Certain patients can develop "tolerance" to opiod analgesics, which is indicated by: |
|
Definition
| The need to progressively increase the dose of the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged periods. |
|
|
Term
| Methadone is often used to treat opiod addiction because methadone: |
|
Definition
-Is a strong opiod agonist
-Has less severe withdrawal symptoms
-Crosses the BBB |
|
|
Term
| The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches, shivering, sweating, and so forth) after sudden discontinuation of opiod analgesics is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By blocking all opiod receptors, opiod antagonists such as nalmefene (Revex) and naloxone (Narcan) are used therapeutically to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opiod drugs exert their effects on afferent pain pathways by binding to neuronal receptors that in turn: |
|
Definition
-Decrease transmitter release from presynaptic terminals
-Decrease excitability (hyperpolarization) in postsynaptic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opiods can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (eg. injected into an inflamed joint. Why? |
|
Definition
| Opiods may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons |
|
|
Term
| When used to treat pain, opiods can be administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When used to treat pain, opiods can be administered in what 4 ways? |
|
Definition
Intravenously
Intrathecally
Transdermally
Orally |
|
|
Term
| In addition to their use as analgesics, opiod drugs can be administered in what 4 ways? |
|
Definition
-As a preoperative medication
-As a general anesthetic
-As a cough suppressant
-To treat severe diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Opiod analgesics are also known as ___ because they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects and high dose can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of the naturally occurring opiod analgesics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opiod drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as: |
|
Definition
| Endogenous opiods (endorphins, enkephalins |
|
|
Term
| Morphine and many other powerful opiods exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs such as butorphanol (Stadol), nalbuphine (Nubain), and pentazocaine (Talwin) may stimulate certain opiod receptors while blocking or only partially activating others. These drugs do what 4 things. |
|
Definition
1. may produce adequate analgesia with less risk of side effects such as respiratory depression
2. May have fewer addictive qualities than strong opiods such as morphine
3. May produce more psychotropic effects (hallucinations, vivid dreams) other than opiods
4. Are known as mixed agonist-antagonists |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids such as prednisone (Deltasone, other trade names) are often used to suppress immune function following organ transplant, but long-term use of these drugs can also cause what 4 things? |
|
Definition
-Hypertension
-Increase chance of infection
-Adrenocortical Suppression
-Breakdown of ms, bone, skin, and various other tissues |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 ways in which drugs can be used to suppress the immune system. |
|
Definition
1. To prevent rejection of transplanted organs or tissues
2. To limit immune-mediated damage to the body's tissues
3. To treat autoimmune diseases |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 drugs that can be used to suppress the immune system. |
|
Definition
1. Azathioprine (Imuran)
2. Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar)
3. Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
4. Methotrexate (Folex, Rheumatrex) |
|
|
Term
| Does immunoglobulin G (Gamimune, other trade names) work to suppress the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sirolimus (Rapamune), a relatively new immunosuppressant, is especially helpful following kidney transplants because it does not do what? |
|
Definition
| It does not reduce glomerular filtration and other aspects of kidney function |
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine (neoral), an immunosuppressant that is commonly used to prevent organ rejection, is often modified into microemulsion capsules so that what 3 things occur? |
|
Definition
1. The drugs disperses more easily within the GI tract
2. Absorption of the drug from the GI tract is more predictable
3. It is not as toxic to the kidneys and other tissues |
|
|
Term
| Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) and tacrolimus (Prograf) suppress immune functionby inhibiting the __ protein in lymphoid tissues, which results in decreased production of __. |
|
Definition
| Calcineurin; interleukin-2 |
|
|
Term
| Because of its ability to decrease pain with minimal side effects such as gastric irritation, ___ is often considered the drug of choice in mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In certain patients with osteoarthritis, viscosupplementation is preformed to restore the lubricating properties of synovial fluid by: |
|
Definition
| Injecting hyaluronan directly into the affected joint |
|
|
Term
| Because they may supply key ingredients needed for the production of articular cartilage, synovial fluid, some patients with osteoarthritis use dietary supplements such as __ and __. |
|
Definition
| Glucosamine and Chondroitin |
|
|
Term
| By producing analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, __ is/are usually considered the first line of defense in treating rheumatoid arthritis. |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs are effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis because these drugs inhibit the __ enzyme that initiates __ synthesis. |
|
Definition
Cyclooxygenase
Prostaglandin |
|
|
Term
| Anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids) are often effective in controlling inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, but prolonged use of large, systemic doses can cause what 4 things? |
|
Definition
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
Term
| Early and aggressive use of __ can slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis in many patients before there is extensive damage to affected joints. |
|
Definition
| Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs |
|
|
Term
| Are NSAIDs such as aspirin considered "disease-modifying" antirheumatic drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 drugs that are considered "disease-modifying" antirheumatic drugs. |
|
Definition
1. Gold compounds such as auranofin (Ridaura)
2. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors such as etanercept (Enbrel)
3. Antimalarials such as chloroquine (Aralen)
4. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Others) |
|
|
Term
| Several COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been taken off the market because these drugs can cause side effects such as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is acetaminophen different from aspirin? |
|
Definition
| Acetominophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects |
|
|
Term
| High doeses of acetaminophen can be especially toxic to what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it appears that regular use of low-dose aspirin may also help prevent what? |
|
Definition
Heart Attacks
Ischemic Strokes
Colorectal Cancer |
|
|
Term
| The most common problem associated with NSAIDs such as aspirin is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In theory, a COX-2 selective drug such as celecoxib (Celebrex) will be less likely to cause gastric iritation because why? |
|
Definition
| COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin __ be used to treat fever in children because this drug may cause ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It has been suggested that aspirin and other NSAIDs __ be used to treat pain following surgeries such as spinal fusion because these drugs may ___. |
|
Definition
Should not
Inhibit bone healing |
|
|
Term
| When administered at equivalent dosages, over-the-counter NSAIDs have been shown to be __ than prescription NSAIDs in treating pain and inflammation. |
|
Definition
| Neither more or less effective or more dangerous |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit the ability to do what 4 things? |
|
Definition
1. Decrease inflammation
2. Relieve mild-to-moderate pain (analgesia)
3. Decrease the elevated body temperature associated with fever
4. Decrease blood clotting by inhibiting platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin and other NSAIDs exert their primary therapeutic effects by interfering with the biosynthesis of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are prostaglandins small proteins that inhibit cellular formation? or a specific type of lymphocyte involved in the inflammatory process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are prostaglandings carbohydrates that regulate cell division or steroids that increase cellular metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs exert their therapeutic effects by __ the __ enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __ form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme seems to be responsible for producing beneficial prostaglandins that help maintain or protect function in specific tissues such as the stomach and kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mild-to-moderate pain normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is mild-to- moderate inflammation normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is asthma or fever normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tizanidine (Zanaflex) may help reduce spasticity in some patients by __ receptors in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Botulinum toxin is used to treat spasticity by injecting the drug where? |
|
Definition
| Directly into the spastic muscle |
|
|
Term
| The muscle relxant that directly inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminalat the skeletal neuromuscular junction is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle relaxant effects of botulinum toxin appear to diminish or wear off after several months. Why? |
|
Definition
| A new presynaptic terminal "sprouts" from the axon that was originally affected by the drug. |
|
|
Term
| Diazepam (Valium) appeas to work as a muscle relaxant by increasing the inhibitory effect of __ on alpha motor neuron activity in the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| Long-term use of Diazepam (valium)as a muscle relaxant is often limited due to problems with: |
|
Definition
Sedation
Tolerance
Physical Dependence |
|
|
Term
| Intrathecal administration of baclofen typically refers to drug delivey into: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle relaxants that supposedly inhibit polysynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord (polysynaptic inhibitors) may actually work by producing what? |
|
Definition
| Generalized sedation in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| The drug that inhibits spasticity by selectively inhibiting calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasm reticulum is what? |
|
Definition
| Dantrolene Sodium (Dantrium) |
|
|
Term
| Characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Result of degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the basal ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pharmacologic management of parkinsons. |
|
Definition
| Dopamine inhibis the affects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Decrease in dopamine results in an increase in acetylcholine influence which causes an increased excitation of neurological pathways |
|
|
Term
| Does dopamine cross the BBB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug crosses the BBB and is converted into dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Levadopa:
- Administration
- Dose
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination |
|
Definition
-Oral Administration
-Daily dose
-Distributed throughout the brain and body
-Metabolized in the liver, intestines, kidney, and skeletal muscle
-Eliminated via biotransformation |
|
|
Term
| The time where the patient recently took the drug and its getting its maximal efficacy point and the patient looks normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time when the levadopa effects are wearing off and the pt is getting more rigid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some side effects of levadopa? |
|
Definition
| GI problems, cardiac arrhythmias, postural hypotension, dyskinesias, and behavioral changes |
|
|
Term
| These medications are usually administered during surgery. Local ones are given to small areas and the patient remains conscious. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 8 things in which general anesthetics should result in. |
|
Definition
1. Loss of consciousness or sensation
2. Amnesia
3. Skeletal muscle relaxation (in conjunction with neuromuscular blockers)
4. Inhibition or sensory and autonomic reflexes
5. Minimal side effects
6. Rapid anethesia
7. Easy dose adjustments during sx
8. Rapid, uneventful recovery |
|
|
Term
| There are 4 stages of General anesthesia. Name them. |
|
Definition
Stage 1: Analgesia (still conscious)
Stage 2: Delirium (unconscious but restless. Pt may injury themselves. Efforts are made to quickly move to stage 3.)
Stage 3: Surgical anesthesia
Stage 4: Medullary paralysis: inhibition of medulla respiratory control centers. Can result in death. The role of the anesthesialogist is very important here |
|
|
Term
| Exist as either gas or volatile liquid form. Delivered thru endotracheal tube or mask. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 most common intravenous anesthetic. |
|
Definition
1. Barbiturates Thiopental
2. Methohexial |
|
|
Term
| Fast onset and relatively safe. Bensodiazepines and opiods are also used. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes dissociative anesthesia. Used in short procedures or with children. |
|
Definition
| Ketalar (intravenous anesthetic) |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 new intravenous anesthetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opiod/antipsychotic drugs that cause neuroleptanalgesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be delivered intravenously or via inhalation. Distributed throughout the body due to high lipid solubility. May be stored in adipose tissue. Washout of tissues may take some time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are general anesthetics eliminated? |
|
Definition
| Lungs and/orliver biotransformation |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for general anesthetics? |
|
Definition
| We don't know for sure. The think it inhibits neuron activity in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Initially it was through that neuron phospholipid lilayers were interrupted resulting in disruption of protein channels - disrupt action potential. |
|
Definition
| General Perturbation Theory |
|
|
Term
| Recent evidence shows that these drugs bind to protein channels affecting CNS synaptic transmission. We know this is true for barbituates and benzodiazepines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This form of medication is used to produce loss of sensation in a specific body part or region. Usually given when a relatively minor surgery is performed. Offers a great advantage over general anesthetic: rapid recovery, no residual side effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolized in the plasma/bloodstream. Eliminated via kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 7 ways in which local anesthetics can be administered |
|
Definition
Topical
Transdermal
Infiltration/Injection
Peripheral Nerve Block
Central Neural Blockade
Sypathetic Block
Intravenous Regional Block |
|
|
Term
| Applied toskin, mucosa, cornea; minor surface irriation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Applied to skin to penetrate deeper target tissues; iontophoresis, phonophoresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injected specificall to target tssue; skin laceration surgical repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injection to block a specific nerve or several nerves/plexus; RA pain, UE/LE pain. DR must be very skilled in where nerve is. May lose a bit of motor fxn as well while the blockade is effective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injected into the spinal cord to affect gross areas; OB procedures, lumbar/hip/knee arthroplasty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injection that interrupts the SNS; RSD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injected into a peripheral vein to affect peripheral nerve; RSD |
|
Definition
| Intravenous regional block |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of actio for local anesthetics? |
|
Definition
| Blocks action potential of nerve. Blocks Na chnnels from opening. Prevents "firing" of the nerve |
|
|
Term
| Block specific nerve fiber groups and not others. Effects small nerve fibers first then progresses to larger fibers - pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the systemic effects of local anesthetics. |
|
Definition
| Can enter the cardiovascular and CNS systems - only with excessive dosage. Cardiovascular - decreased cardiac excitation, decreased HR, decreased contraction force. CNS - confusion, excitation, seizures |
|
|
Term
| __ anesthetics can treat hypertonicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For ppl with RSD when should you schedule PT? |
|
Definition
| Immediately after injections |
|
|
Term
| Used to treat hyperexcitable muscle. Spasticity and muscle spasms are used interchangeably but are not the same. |
|
Definition
| Skeletal Muscle Relaxants |
|
|
Term
| Exaggerated muscle stretch reflex caused by upper motor neuron lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased afferent nociceptive input from damaged tissue. Stimulates alpha motor neuron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name conditions that result in spasticity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name conditions that results in spasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diazepam (Valium)
-This and other benzodiazepines act by increasing the inhibitory affects of GABA
-Used for muscle strains
-Adverse effects include sedation and psychomotor deficits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inhibit polysynaptic reflex activity. Soma, Parafon Forte
Flexeril, Skelaxin and Norflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used for musculoskeletal injuries. Adverse effects include sedation, nausea, vertigo, ataxia, and headache |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibits alpha motor neuron activity in the spinal cord. Treats spasticity. Used on ppl with SCI, MS, CVA, CP. Adverse effects include drowsiness and confusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Administered by implanted pump. Used to treat spasticity of spinal origin, CP, CVA, TBI. Adverse affects include pump problems, development of drug tolerance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects th muscle cell by impairing Ca release by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Used in cases of severe spasticity; spinal cord lesions, MS,CP, CVA. Adverse effects include ms weakness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Administered by injection. Controls local muscle hyperexcitability. Binds to presynaptic terminal of neuromuscular junction. Blocks acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to treat specific muscle groups, CP, TBI, CVA, SCI. Adverse effects are limited muscles and temporary effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Mainly Oral; Injection
-Dose varies depending on drug and degree of hypertonicity
-Distributed throughout the body except with botox which is ms specific
-Metabolized via biotransformation
-Eliminated via the kidney |
|
Definition
| Skeletal Muscle Relaxants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can occur naturally, synthetic, or semisynthetic. Characterized by ability to relieve moderate to severe pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemically formulated in a lab. |
|
Definition
| Synthetic opiod analgesics |
|
|
Term
| Formulated from natural and synthetic components. |
|
Definition
| Semisynthetic opioid analgesics |
|
|
Term
| Derived from opium poppy. Opium contains morphine and codeine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons in CNS (spinal cord and brain) have receptors that bind to opioids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do endogenous and exogenous opioids use the same receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 classes of endogenous opioids. |
|
Definition
Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 classes of opioid receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important opioid receptor. Stimulation of these receptors may cause respiratory depression, constipation, and addiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Treat severe pain
Bind primarily to mu receptors
Morphine is most well-known
Others: Demerol and Methasone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Treats moderate pain
Codeine, OxyContin, Darvon |
|
Definition
| Mild-to-Moderate Agonists |
|
|
Term
Act as agonist and antagonist
Benefit of providing adequate analgesia without stimulating mu receptors
Stadol, Nubain, Talwin |
|
Definition
| Mixed Agonist-Antagonists |
|
|
Term
Block opioid receptors
Blocks the effects of the opioid
Commonly used to treat opioid addiction
Narcan and ReVia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are opioid analgesics administered? |
|
Definition
| Mainly oral; rectal in cases of nausea; intravenous/intramuscular in cases of poor drug absorption |
|
|
Term
| Distributed thoughout the body and CNS, metabolised in the live, and eliminated in the kindeys thru urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibit pain-mediating synaptic pathways in spinal cord and brain. Decreased neurotransmitter release in pre-synaptic neuron and hyperpolarization of post-synaptic neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are opioids found in the periphery and CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of opioids |
|
Definition
| Sedation, Drowsiness, mood changes, respiratory depression, orthostatic hypotention, nausea |
|
|
Term
| These are known to decrease inflammation, provide analgesia, decrease fever, and decrease blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Useful in treating pain and inflammation associated with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Aspirin is the most common; it inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes are collectively known as ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Help to regulate cell function under normal or pathological conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formed by arachidonic acid which is fatty acid stored in cell membranes. They influence cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, GI, nervous, and reproductive systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| Inflammation - erythema, edema,increase blood flow, increase capillary permeability, increase histamine and bradykinin. Also helps wiht pain, fever, dysmenorrhea, thrombus formation, hypertension, asthma, MS, DM, and colon cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs |
|
Definition
| Inhibit cycloxygenase (COX) enzyme. COX enzyme participates in the synthesis of prostaglandins. The key to NSAID benefit is inhibition of the COX enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Mediates normal cell activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces prostaglandins in pathological cells which mediate pain and inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibit both COX1 and COX2. The benefits of the "good" prostaglandins are lost. Selective COX2 inhibitors should reduce the effects of COX2 enzyme while not effecting the COX1 enzyme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 5 uses of Aspirin and other NSAIDs |
|
Definition
1. Treat pain and inflammation
2. Avoid side-effects of opioids
3. Treat fever except in children
4. Treat vacular disorders (blood clots, HA, TIAs)
5. Cancer prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI problems mainly; liver dz, renal dz, Reye syndrome in children, delays tissue healing by inhibiting connective tissue formation |
|
|
Term
-Celebrex and Vioxx
-Decrease in GI problems and do not inhibit platelet function
-Decrease in side-effects due to lack of COX1 inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Not really an NSAID!
-Has some analgesic and antipyretic effects but does not reduce inflammation
-Used in non-inflammatory disorders to treat pain
-Also used as a substitute for aspirin in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Administered orally. Dose varies. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Distributed via plasma proteins and throughout the body. Metabolized via biotransformation in bloodstream and liver. Excreted via kidneys. Toxic to liver in high does. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 primary conditions that affect joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chronic, systemic disorder that affects various tissues but mainly synovium and articular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 diagnostic criteria for RA. |
|
Definition
1. Morning stiffness
2. Arthritis of 3 or more joints
3. Hand joint arthritis
4. Symmetric arthritis
5. Rheumatoid nodules
6. Serum rheumatoid factor
7. Radiograph change |
|
|
Term
| Apparently caused by an autoimmune response in genetically susceptible patients. Formation of antibodies that initiate phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes and lymphocytes cause production of cytokines, eicosanoids, and destructive enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs have 2 goals in treating RA |
|
Definition
Decrease Inflammation
Slow/Stop disease progression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NSAIDS
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of NSAIDs |
|
Definition
| gastric ulcer or hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Extremely effective in treating inflammation. Do not show dz progression. Mechanism of action - increase anti-inflammatory protein production and inhibits pro-inflammatory substances production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
| Breaks down ms, tendon, and bone. Osteoporosis is particular important to note. Can cause ms weakness, atrophy, HTN, DM, glaucoma, and cataracts |
|
|
Term
| Alter RA progression. Most inhibit the function of monocytes and lymphocytes that are responsible for joint inflammation and destruction. |
|
Definition
| DMARDS (Disease-Modifying ANtirheumatic Drugs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Antimalarial Drugs
2. Azathioprine (imuran) - immunosuppressant drug.
3. Etanercept (Enbrel)
4. Gold Therapy
5. Leflunomine (Arava)
6. Methotexate
7. Penicillamine |
|
|
Term
| A very common form of arthritis. Virtually everyone over 75 has it to some degee. Only mild inflammation in most cases. Articular/cartilage damange is the primary concern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyaluonan is injected into the joint to restore synovial fluid viscosity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to produce GAGs, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid |
|
Definition
| Glucosamine and Chondroitin |
|
|
