Term
| What are the 4 types of ion channels? |
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Definition
-voltage gated
-ligand gated (ionotropic)
-G-protein activated (metabotropic)
-Second Messenger Activated (metabotropic) |
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Term
| GABA is what kind of neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when Chloride channels open? |
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Definition
| The potential is driven in such a way that it INHIBITS firing of the signal |
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Term
| What type of receptor is the GABA receptor? |
|
Definition
| Ligand-gated ion channel (Ionotropic) |
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Term
| Name 4 drugs that act on the GABA receptor: |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines, Flumazenil, Zolpidem, Barbiturates |
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|
Term
| What toxin antagonizes Sodium channels? |
|
Definition
Tetrodotoxin, from puffer fish
Blocks the channels from firing |
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|
Term
| What toxin antagonizes Nicotinic Ach receptors? |
|
Definition
| Alpha Bungarotoxin- blocks the postsynaptic receptor at the NMJ |
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|
Term
| What toxin antagonizes the GABA receptor? |
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Definition
| Picrotoxin- A non-competitive antagonist with STIMULANT effects- CONVULSIONS |
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Term
| What toxin antagonizes the Glycine receptor? |
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Definition
| Strychnine- glycine receptor is inhibitory; nerve impulses trigger at lower levels- SPINAL CORD- constant contractions |
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Term
| What type of channels does glutamate work on and what is its effect? |
|
Definition
MGluR, AMPAR, NMDAR- Na+ and Ca++
Excitatory |
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|
Term
| Ketamine has what effect on glutamate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What nucleus makes Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Locus Coeruleus and a bunch of nuclei called "A something..." |
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|
Term
| What are the projection sites for Norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| HOT SCAM- Hypothalamus, Olfactory bulb, Thalamus, Subiculum, Cortex, Amygdala, Midbrain Central Gray |
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|
Term
| Describe the progression of how epinephrine is made: |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine-> Dopa-> Dopamine-> Norepinephrine-> Epinephrine |
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|
Term
| What enzyme converts tyrosine to dopa? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine beta hydroxylase |
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|
Term
| What chemical in the pathway from Tyrosine to Epinephrine is given for Parkinsons disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of Cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (transport blocker) |
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|
Term
| Name 3 Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors SNRIs: |
|
Definition
Desipramine
Maprotyline
Protryptiline |
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|
Term
| How do Rauwolfia alkaloids like reserpine release norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| By disrupting synaptic vesicle transporters |
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|
Term
| What is the action of Guanethedine? |
|
Definition
Inhibits release of norepinephrine from nerve endings- taken up into sympathetic nerves by norepinephrine transporters-
USED TO TREAT HTN- CONTRAINDICATED WITH SNRIs |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 dopamine pathways? |
|
Definition
Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic
Tuberoinfundibular |
|
|
Term
| What nuclei produce dopamine? |
|
Definition
-Ventral Tegmental Area
-Substrantia Nigra
-Tuberoinfundibular
ALSO
Lateral Tegmental
Dorsal Raphe
Olfactory Bulb |
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|
Term
| Where does the tuberoinfundibular projection site for dopamine lead to? |
|
Definition
| 1)Neurohypophysis; 2)median eminence (anterior pituitary) |
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|
Term
| Where does the substantia nigra projection site for dopamine lead to? |
|
Definition
| Caudate/putamen (Nigrostriatal system) |
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|
Term
| Where do the VTA and Substantia Nigra projection sites for dopamine lead to? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic pathway) |
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|
Term
| How do dopamine and L-dopa differ in their ability to enter the brain? |
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Definition
| Dopamine doesn't enter the brain well, but L-dopa does |
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|
Term
| How does carbidopa work in Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits dopa decarboxylase so the L-dopa isn't metabolized to dopamine in the periphery and enters the CNS (then being converted to dopamine) |
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|
Term
| What receptor do most anti-psychotics work on? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name 3 anti-psychotics that work on the DA2 receptor? |
|
Definition
Spiroperidol, pimozide, haloperidol
(phenothiazines) |
|
|
Term
| What do stimulants like amphetamine and methamphetamine release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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|
Term
| The serotinergic system consists of ascending axons from cell bodies in what nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nuclei produce serotonin? |
|
Definition
RAPHE MAGNUS in hypothalamus
Also: dorsal raphe, pontine raphe, central superior, parabrachialis |
|
|
Term
| What are the projection sites for serotonin? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus, Cortex, Subiculum
Also: Olfactory bulb, thalamus, basal ganglia |
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|
Term
| Name 6 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: |
|
Definition
| Fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, trazodone, imipramine |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Bromocriptine agonizes what receptor? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscimol agonizes what receptor? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| NMDA agonizes what receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LSD agonizes what receptor? |
|
Definition
| 5-HT1a Serotonin receptor |
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|
Term
| What transmitter inhibits prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what type of neuron is GABA mostly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of GABA receptors causes what effect on cells? |
|
Definition
| Hyperpolarization: DEPRESSANT EFFECT |
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|
Term
| What drugs stimulate the GABA receptor and increase influx of Cl-? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drugs bind to an alternative site on the GABA receptor and have an anti-anxiety effect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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