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| Study of drugs and their action on living organisms |
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| drugs have several names assigned to them |
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| Chemical Name (scienticfic name) |
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| Gives the exact chemical makeup of the drug and placing of the atoms or molecular structure; the chemical name is not capitalized |
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| Generic Name (nonproprietary) |
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| Name given to a drug before it becomes official; may be used in all countries |
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| Name listed in The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary; may be the same as the generic name |
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| Name that is registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol; the name can be used only by the manufacturer; a drug may have several trade names; depending on the number of manufacturers; the first letter of the trade name is capitalized |
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| once the drug is approved by the FDA it is assigned one of the following categories |
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| designated by the federal government as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a licensed healthcare provider |
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| designated by the FDA as safe (when taken as directed) and can be obtained without a prescription. Also referred to as OTC over the counter |
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| drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency |
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| is a compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience; it is the mind's desire for the repeated administration of a drug. |
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| oral drugs go through three phases |
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| the drug dissolves. drugs must be soluable to be absorbed. |
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| Activities within the body after a drug is administered. |
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| Follows administation & is the process by which a drug is made available for the body to use. |
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| Cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration. |
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| No cellular energy is used to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (small molecules Diffuse across the cell membrane) |
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| Cells Engulf the drug particle. |
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| Action byte which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to the liver |
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| The systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or target sites. |
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| also called "biotransformation" |
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| Metabolites may undergo further.... |
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| metabolism or may be excreted from the body unchanged. |
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| *Most drugs are metabolized by the liver although the kidneys |
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| The elimination of drugs from the body called "excretion". |
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| * After the liver renders drugs inactive |
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| the kidney excretes the inactive compounds from the body. |
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| Patients with kidney disease may require |
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| a dosage reduction and careful monitoring of kidney function. |
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| the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug. |
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| Knowledge of the half-life of a drug is important |
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| in planning the frequency of dosing. |
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| Example: drugs with a short half-life (2-4 hs) need to be administered frequently |
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| drugs with a long half-life (21-24 hrs) requires less frequent administration. |
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| Three factors that are important when considering Pharmacokinectics |
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| 1. Onset of action 2. Peak concentration & 3. Duration of action |
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| time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic effect. |
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| when absorption rate equals the elimination rate. (not always the time of peak response) |
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| length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect. |
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| is the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body. |
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| Receptor-Mediated Drug Action |
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| Many drugs act through drug-receptor interaction. |
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| is a drug that binds with a receptor and stimulates the receptor to produce a therapeutic response. |
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| is a drug that joins with receptors but does not stimulate the receptors. The therapeutic action in this case consists of blocking the receptor's function. |
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| is any substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus |
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| Patients may experience one or more adverse reactions or side effects when they are given a drug. Adverse reactions are undesirable dug effects. Adverse reactions may be common or may occur infrequently. |
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| is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Allergy to a drug usually begins to occur after more than one dose of the drug is given. |
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| substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response. |
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| When the body responds to the dug as an antigen a series of events occurs in an attempt to render the invader harmless. Lymphocytes respond by forming antibodies (protein substances that protect against antigens) |
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| is an extremely serious allergic drug reaction that usually occurs shortly after the administration of a drug to which the individual is sensitive. |
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| Anaphylactic Shock Respiratory Symptoms |
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| Bronchospasm * Dyspnea * Feeling of fullness in the throat * Cough * Wheezing |
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| Anaphylactic Shock Cardiovascular Symptoms |
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| Extremely Low Blood Pressure * Tachycardia (heart rate >100bpm) * Palpitations * Syncope * Cardiac Arrest. |
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| Anaphylactic Shock Integumentary Symptoms |
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| Urticaria (hives) * Angioedema * Pruritus (itching) * sweating |
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| Anaphylactic Shock Gastrointestinal Symptoms |
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| Nausea * Vomiting * Abdominal Pain |
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| is another type of allergic drug reaction it is manifested by the collection of fluid in subcutaneous tissue. Areas most commonly affected are the eyelids |
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| is a term used to describe any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug |
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| is the study of ways that specific genes can enhance sensitivity or resistance to certain drugs. |
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| is a term used to describe a decreased response to a drug |
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| may be seen in people with liver and kidney disease because these organs are the major sites for the breakdown and excretion of must drugs. |
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| A Cumulative Drug Effect Occurs |
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| when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one (normal) dose of a drug before the next dose is given |
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| Most drugs can produce toxic or harmful reaction if administered in large dosages or when blood concentration levels exceed the therapeutic level. |
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| It is important for the nurse administering medications to aware of.. |
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| various drug interactions that can occur especially Drug-Drug Interactions and Drug-Food Interactions. |
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| Drug-Drug Interaction occurs |
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| when one drug interacts with or interferes with the action of an of another drug. |
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| An Additive Drug Reaction occurs |
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| when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone. For example |
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| when drugs interact with each other and produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions. |
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