Term
| How will concentration differences in tissues affect drug absorption? |
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Definition
| absorption will be enhanced if there is a higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell |
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Term
| What are lipophilic drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are lipid soluble drugs more readily absorbed? |
|
Definition
| because of the lipid barrier of the cell membranes |
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|
Term
| What are exampled of liphilic (lipid soluble) drugs? |
|
Definition
| enrofloxacin (Baytril) and prednisone |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrophilic drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are hydrophilic (water soluble) drugs well absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What route may hyrophilic (water soluble) drugs need to be administered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of hydrophilic (water soluble) drugs? |
|
Definition
| aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin |
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|
Term
| Will nonionized (not electrically charged) drugs be well absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Yes, these drugs will be absorbed better |
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|
Term
| Will ionized (electrically charged) drugs be well absorbed? |
|
Definition
| No, they will be poorly absorbed |
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|
Term
| What can the acidic environment of the stomach do to some drugs? |
|
Definition
| It can cause some drugs to become ionized as they pass through |
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Term
| What are the 7 routes of administration? |
|
Definition
1. topical
2. oral
3. injectable
4. inhalation
5. rectal
6. intradermal
7. intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit of topical medication? |
|
Definition
| allows for medications to have local affects with less chance of side effects |
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Term
| What drug is broken down by the acidity of the stomach and cannot be given reliably by mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are absorbed better: weak acids or weak bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs will the acidity of the stomach effect more? Weak acids or weak bases? |
|
Definition
| Weak bases, they are more ionized by acidity. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the GI tract are most drugs absorbed? Why? |
|
Definition
| The small intestine; the moderate pH of the small intestine (ph=8) favors absorption |
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|
Term
| Will drugs be absorbed faster when given IM or SQ? Why? |
|
Definition
| IM, because of increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What drugs might you choose to give IV? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that are irritating to tissues, such a chemotherapy drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is a generic or chemical name? |
|
Definition
related to the chemical structure of the drug
ex: amoxicillin, carprofen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A name given by the manufacturer
ex: Amoxi-Tabs, Rimadyl |
|
|
Term
| What is a generic equivalent drug? |
|
Definition
| A drug that is similar to a drug produced by a certain manufacturer, generally these drugs will have a similar effectiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dosage: amount of drug given per unit of body weight
dose: amount of drug given at one time |
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|
Term
| What does "Rx" on a drug label mean? |
|
Definition
| the drug is prescription only |
|
|
Term
| Why might drugs be prescription only? |
|
Definition
If they are considered
1. toxic
2. potentially toxic if misused
3. easily misused |
|
|
Term
| What does "C" on a drug label mean? |
|
Definition
| The drug is a controlled substance |
|
|
Term
| How might plasma binding effect drug distribution? |
|
Definition
If a drug is bound to proteins in the plasma it will remain in the body for a longer time. Binding may delay effectiveness of drugs (may delay attachment to receptor sites) |
|
|
Term
| What plasma protein are drugs usually bound to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It means that only free or unbound drug will be able to react with the receptors of the target organ
for example, often drugs will be bound to plasma protein and will be unavailable to react |
|
|
Term
| Where does drug accumulation most often occur? |
|
Definition
| in the fat, muscle and liver |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are most likely to accumulate in fat stores (lipid soluble or non-lipid soluble)? |
|
Definition
Highly lipid soluble drugs
ex: thiopental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dose given to initially saturate the tissue receptors, is often higher than regular doses |
|
|
Term
| Why should you no mix drugs in the same syringe unless directed to do so? |
|
Definition
some drugs are inactivated through:
1. potential changes in the pH of the solutions
2. chemical precipitates may form
2. contamination of the vials may also result |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 organs of metabolism? |
|
Definition
| liver, kidney, and small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attachment of molecules to a drug |
|
|
Term
| Are cats generally slower or faster at conjugation than dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is biotransformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are slower at biotransformation and why? |
|
Definition
| geriatrics and newborns, because the liver enzyme system is not fully developed until 30 - 60 days of age |
|
|
Term
| Why can repeatedly giving a drug cause a tolerance? |
|
Definition
| Because it will cause enzymes in the liver to be produced that will enhance the elimination of the drug |
|
|
Term
| How does the pH of urine effect drugs excretion? |
|
Definition
| if the urine is weakly basic then drugs that are weakly acidic are more likely to be eliminated by this route |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a drug that is eliminated unchanged by the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does gentamicin effect its own excretion? |
|
Definition
It damages the renal tubules and in this way interferes with its own elimination |
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|
Term
| What is an example of a drug that will be eliminated from the body in the bile in an active form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is enterohepatic circulation? |
|
Definition
It's when some drugs may be reabsorbed from the intestine after arriving there in the bile
This may cause the drug to persist in the body much longer |
|
|
Term
True or False,
drugs may be eliminated in small amounts in saliva and sweat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tru or False,
some drugs that are not absorbed by the GI tract are eliminated by the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of a drug? |
|
Definition
| the amount of time (usually expressed in hours) that is takes for the quantity of drug in the body to be reduced by 50%. |
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