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| (Error x 100) / Quantity Desired |
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| Sensitivity Requirement of Balance |
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| Minimum Weighable Quantity x Permissible Error. It indicates the smallest weight that results in a measurable change in the rest point. |
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| What is the sensitivity requirement of our prescription balance? |
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| What percent error is permissible? |
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| What is the smallest amount you are allowed to weigh on the balance? |
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| measuring body weight and selling goods (ounces, pounds) |
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| once the predominant system for pharmacy (scruples, drams, and grams), now replaced by metric |
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| Metrology is the science of: |
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| checks if the arms of the balance are equal in length |
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| checks the arm and lever components of the balance |
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| rider & graduated beam tests |
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| determines if the calibrations on the graduated beam are accurate |
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| What is the purpose of a damping mechanism? |
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| The damping mechanism slows down the oscillations and permits more rapid determinations of the balance or imbalance positions of the pans. |
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| When substances are placed on the pan with the balance in the unarrested position, forcing the pan to drop suddenly and forcefully. |
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| How does a torsion balance operate? |
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| A torsion balance operates on the tension of taut wires. When these wires are twisted by the addition of weight, they tend to twist back to the original position. |
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| expresses number of grams in 100 g of preparation |
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| expresses number of grams in 100ml of solution |
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| expresses number of milliliters in 100ml of solution |
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| 1/2 ounce (15 ml or 1 tablespoonful) |
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| 1 & 1/2 teaspoonful (7.5 ml) |
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| Graduates less than 15 ml must be: |
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| cylindrical and calibrated in only one system - metric or apothecary. |
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| The first marking (graduation) from the bottom of a graduate must be no less than ____ nor more than ____ of the full capacity. |
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| When working with iodine crystals, prepare a solution with: |
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| When working with coal tar, use: |
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Definition
| an equal amount of tween 80 |
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Term
| When working with peru balsam, add: |
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Definition
| an equal amount of castor oil |
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Term
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Definition
| for reduction of particle size and to prevent grittiness in ointments where a solid drug is present. you mix the solid in a vehicle it's insoluble in to make a smooth dispersion. |
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| the mixing together of various items. one ointment is mixed (incorporated) with another. |
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| misreading the miniscus because you are looking down on the level of the liquid and not parallel with eyesight |
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| Rule of thumb for measuring liquids in graduates & its importance |
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| use a graduated cylinder at or just over the amount you are measuring to reduce percent error |
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| good technique for pouring liquids from bottles |
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| pour slowly, observing the level |
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| at what level should the graduate be held? |
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| where (on the liquid) should the reading be taken on a graduate? |
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| Why are pipettes used in lab never completely emptied when measuring a quantity? |
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| the tip is not calibrated |
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| When counting the number of drops into a small graduate, always hold the dropper in a: |
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| vertical position (90 degree angle) |
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| physical factors of different liquids that cause the number of drops per ml to vary? |
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| density (specific gravity) and viscousity (surface tension) |
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| What is the USP specifications for water as to drop size? |
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| 4 general classifications of ointment bases and example of each |
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Definition
| oleaginous bases (petrolatum), absorption bases (hydrophilic petroleum), water-removable bases (hydrophilic ointment), and water soluble bases (polyethylene glycol ointment) |
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| Other names for petrolatum |
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Definition
| yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly, vaseline |
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| other names for petrolatum, alba |
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Definition
| white petrolatum, white petroleum jelly, white vaseline |
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| What are the 2 main organisms whose presence must be controlled in any topical preparation and explain why? |
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Definition
| staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa because of their capacity for infecting the skin and someone who is using a topical already has compromised skin |
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| 2 ways ointments are packaged |
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Definition
| large mouth ointment jars or in metal or plastic tubes |
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| how to pack an ointment jar by hand and how should the finished product look? |
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Definition
| carefully on the bottom and sides of the jar with a spatula, avoiding the entrapment of air. curling the center without touching the top. |
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| 2 advantages emulsions have over ointments |
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Definition
| easier to spread and remove than ointments. water evaporates after application, leaving only thin residue. emulsions are used externally. |
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| how do pastes differ from ointments? |
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Definition
| larger proportion of solid material and are stiffer than ointments, allowing them to stay in place longer. |
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| compare and contrast creams and ointments |
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| creams are easier to spread and remove and are either oil in water emulsions or aqueous microcrystalline dispersions in a water-washable base. ointments are topical (skin, eye, ear), used for local effects, and can serve as vehicles. |
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| grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce particle size |
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| used for hard, crystalline powder, use intervering solvent that dissolves cmpd then spread on ointment plate |
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| liquor carbonis detergens, contains 20% coal tar |
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| another name for tween 80 |
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Definition
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| coal tar is used to treat: |
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| psoriasis, dandruff, headlice |
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| How does tween 80 uniformly disperse coal tar in the ointment? |
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| surfactant breaks it down |
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| what constitutes a suspension? |
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Definition
| preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat evenly throughout the vehicle in which drug has minimum degree solubility |
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| diameter size of particles in coarse dispersions |
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Definition
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| diameter size of particles in fine dispersions |
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| drug powder, reconstitution containing drug, needs vehicle |
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| already distributed in liquid vehicle without stablizers and other additives |
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| 2 advantages suspensions have over solid dosage forms |
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Definition
| ease of swallowing and flexibility in administration of a range of dosages |
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| 2 advantages suspensions may have over solutions |
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Definition
| suspension ensures chemical stability while permitting liquid therapy, overcomes disagreeable taste |
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| auxilary label needed on all suspensions |
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Definition
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| auxilary label needed on all pharmaceutical lotions |
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Definition
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Definition
| suspension of solid materials in aqueous vehicle. intended for external application to the skin. |
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| 3 features desired specifically in pharmaceutical suspensions |
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Definition
| settle slowly and readily redispersed upon gentle shaking, particle size remains constant, pour readily and easily from its container |
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| why is it better to have particles in a suspension denser than the vehicle? |
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Definition
| if they were less dense they would float and it would be harder to distribute uniformly |
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| examples of wetting agents & why they're needed |
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Definition
| alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol. displace air in crevices of particles, dispersing the particles and allowing penetration of dispersing medium in powder. |
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| calamine lotion is used to treat: |
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Definition
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| purpose of glycerin in calamine lotion |
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Definition
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| purpose of bentonite magma in calamine lotion |
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Definition
| suspending agent, avoid formation of cake, decrease rate of settling |
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| another name for calcium hydroxide solution |
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Definition
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| main ingredient in calamine powder |
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Definition
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| chemical that gives calamine powder its color |
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| dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which its immiscible |
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| 3 phase contained in a basic emulsion |
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Definition
| dispersed or internal phase, dispersion medium is external or continuous phase, emulsifying agent - surfactant or gum |
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| difference between O/W and W/O emulsion |
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Definition
| oil is internal phase and water is external (O/W), aqueous internal phase and oleaginous external phase (W/O) |
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| 5 characteristics a good emulsifying agent should possess |
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Definition
| stable and not deteriorate in preparation, compatible with formulative ingredients, non-toxic to it's intended use, possess little odor, taste, or color, promote emulsifcation and maintain stability |
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| how does an emulsion invert? |
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Definition
| internal concentration increases, so does viscousity to certain point and then sharply decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical makeup hydrophil-lipophil balance |
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| 3 methods used to cmpd an emulsion in a lab or pharmacy setting |
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Definition
| english or wet gum, bottle or forbes bottle, sit v soap method |
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Definition
| droplets first clump together |
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Definition
| droplets irreversibly fuse together |
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Definition
| movement of aggregated droplets of internal phase relation to the continous phase |
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Definition
| irreversible separation of the internal phase of an emulsion |
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| what physical condition an emulsion may be rendered unstable? |
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Definition
| internal phase tends to form aggregates upon standing |
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Definition
| becoming less viscous when subjected to applied stress |
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| auxillary labels placed on all emulsions |
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Definition
| shake well, external use only |
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| the amount of drug prescribed to the patient for an intended effect |
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| number of doses x size of dose |
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| 13 years through 17 years |
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| (age / (age + 12) ) x adult dose = dose for child |
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| ( weight (in lbs) / 150 pounds ) x adult dose = dose for child |
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( BSA of child (m^2) / 1.73 m^2 ) x adult dose = child dose
or
BSA of child (m^2) x ( Dose / m^2 ) = Child's dose |
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| continuous phase or dispersion medium |
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| alcohol contains ____% ethanol |
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Definition
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| weight of substance / weight of an equal volume of water |
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