Term
|
Definition
Staph (esp. coag-neg)
Strep |
|
|
Term
| Normal upper respiratory flora |
|
Definition
Haemophilus
Strep (anaerobic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteriodes
Enterbacteriaceae (e.coli & klebsiella) |
|
|
Term
| Normal genital tract glora |
|
Definition
Enterobacteriaceae (e.coli)
Staph (saprophyticus) |
|
|
Term
| Flora of hospitalized pts. |
|
Definition
| Changes to flora of hosp. Usually gram - aerobes |
|
|
Term
| When can normal flora become pathogenic |
|
Definition
| When t/f to other body sites during trauma, iv line insertion, or surgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bloodstream, csf, pleural fluid, peirtoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, synovial fluid, bone, and urine (if taken from bladder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. elevated wbc count (and left shift)
2. Pos gram stain and culture results
3. Inc ESR and CRP
4. Pos antigen or antibody titres. |
|
|
Term
| RADIOGRAPHIC signs of inf |
|
Definition
1. Infiltrate on cxr in pts. with pnm.
2. Periosteal elevation and bony destruction on a bone xray in pt. with osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| Orgs of skin and soft tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
e. coli
enterococci
bacteriodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orgs of upper resp. tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orgs of lower resp. tract (community acquired) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atypical orgs of lower resp tract (community aquired) |
|
Definition
legionella
mycoplasma pnm
chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| orgs of lower resp tract (hospital aquired) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imipenem activity against |
|
Definition
| gram pos and gram neg aerobes and anaerobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Minimum inhibitory conc.
lowest conc of an antibiotic that prevents visible growth of a bact after 18-24 hrs of incubation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minimum bacteriocidal conc.
lowest conc of an antibiotic that results is a dec of >99.9% of bac population |
|
|
Term
| why cant mic values be compared b/w antibiotics |
|
Definition
| susceptibility breakpoints differ for each antimicrobial drug class and even antibiotics within the same drug class |
|
|
Term
| what diseases would MBC macrodilution testing be helpful |
|
Definition
| when bacteriocidal activity can help outcome (meningitis, endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| what two mic tests can give exact mics |
|
Definition
Broth macrodilution
E test (epsilometer test) |
|
|
Term
| how is id tx different from other disease tx |
|
Definition
| antibiotics can be used to treat or prevent. Also, there is a FINITE duration of therapy |
|
|
Term
| comb therapy can be used in what disease to decrease emergence of resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of synergistic therapy |
|
Definition
| ampicillin and gentamycin in tx of enterococcal endocarditis to achieve bacteriocidal activity. alone each agent is bacteriostatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an antimicrobial agent that INHIBITS growth of bacteria, but relies on host defenses to help kill and eradicate inf. |
|
|
Term
| when should bacteriostatic drugs be used with caution |
|
Definition
| in those who are immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrolides, ketolides, streptogamins, clindamycin |
|
|
Term
| where is bacteriocidal tx necessary |
|
Definition
infections located in areas where impaired host defenses are present.
Meninges in meningitis
heart valve in endocarditis
bone is osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| ex of bacteriocidal agents |
|
Definition
| B-lactams, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, fluroquinolones |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of bacteriocidal activity |
|
Definition
1.Conc-dependent killing (higher serum conc with result in more rapid and extensive killing of bact)
2.Conc-independent (time dependent) killing. Extent of killing is determined by time of exposure |
|
|
Term
| ex of conc-dependent antibiotics |
|
Definition
| aminoglycosides, flurorquinolones |
|
|
Term
| pd parameters that correlate with efficacy of conc-dependent agents |
|
Definition
Peak/Mic ratio
AUC/Mic ratio |
|
|
Term
| PAE of conc-dependent agents |
|
Definition
| long pae that allows for infrequent dosing |
|
|
Term
| goal of dosing in conc-dependent agents |
|
Definition
| infreq dosing of large doses of the antibiotic to maximize drug conc or mag of exposure for optimal bact killing |
|
|
Term
| describe PAE of conc-independent agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goal of dosing in conc-independent agents |
|
Definition
| optimize duration of exposure. Maintain a conc of drug above the mic for the infecting pathogen for at lease 40-70% of the dosing interval |
|
|
Term
| age related hepatotoxicity with which drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibiotics eliminated by kidney |
|
Definition
| most B-lactams (except nafcillin, oxacillin, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone) |
|
|
Term
| coadministration leading to nephrotoxicity |
|
Definition
| vancomycin and gentamycin |
|
|
Term
| pt. with hypotension should not receive drug via what route? |
|
Definition
| oral, due to unreliable drug abs |
|
|
