Term
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Definition
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Term
| THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION |
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Definition
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Term
| PHARMACOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION |
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Definition
| How the drug does what it does |
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Term
| WHAT IS A PROTOTYPE DRUG? |
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Definition
| Those drugs in a class that often demonstrate the most common characteristics of that class, most common therapeutic responses and adverse reactions |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 NAMES OF A DRUG AND WHO ASSIGNS EACH NAME? |
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Definition
Chemical Name - assigned by IUPAC
Generic Name - US Adopted Name Council
Trade Name - Assigned by Drug Marketing Company |
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Term
| HOW LONG IS THE AVERAGE DRUG PATENT? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The purity and strength of a drug |
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Term
| WHO REGULATES ALL FOOD AND DRUGS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 4 STAGES OF THE DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS? |
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Definition
1. Preclinical research
2. Clinical Phase Trials
3. New Drug Application review
4. Postmarketing Surveillance |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FDA REGULATION OF MEDICINES VERSUS REGULATION OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS? |
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Definition
| Herbal supplements are regulated as food by the FDA and therefore are not studied with the same rigor. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SCHEDULED DRUGS? |
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Definition
| Drugs that can cause dependence. |
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Term
| HOW ARE SCHEDULED DRUGS RANKED AND WHICH ARE THE MOST COMMONLY PRESCRIBED? |
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Definition
| Ranked 1-5 with 1 having the highes potential for dependence and 5 having the lowest potential for dependence. Schedule II drugs are most commonly prescribed. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE REGULATIONS FOR "WASTING A DRUG?" |
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Definition
| 2 licensed professionals must sign off saying that the drug was disposed of properly. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE SOME COMMON ROUTES FOR MEDICATIONS? |
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Definition
| Oral; IV; IM; Sublingual; Buccal; Topical; Rectal; Vaginal |
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Term
| WHY DO DRUGS THAT ARE ENTERIC, COATED, OR XR NEED SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN ADMINISTERING THEM? |
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Definition
| Because these drugs have to be administered a particular way or the patient will not be receiving the appropriate dose. |
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Term
| WHAT IS PHARMACOKINETICS? |
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Definition
| How the body handles a drug |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE GOAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS? |
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Definition
| The goal is for the drug to reach the target cells |
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Term
| WHAT IS DIFFUSION/PASSIVE TRANSPORT? |
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Definition
| When a medications passes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
| WHAT DOES ADME STAND FOR? |
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Definition
| Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
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Term
| WHAT SYSTEM/ORGAN DO WE THINK ABOUT WHEN TALKING ABOUT ABSORPTION? |
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Definition
| We think about the ROUTE of administration so any systems/organs related to that (ex: Oral=GI=Onset time of 30-90 minutes) |
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Term
| WHAT SYSTEM/ORGAN DO WE THINK ABOUT WHEN TALKING ABOUT DISTRIBUTION? |
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Definition
| We think about blood flow and we also think about BARRIERS to distribution, such as the Blood-Brain barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continued movement of medication after absorption |
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Term
| WHAT ORGAN SHOULD WE THINK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT METABOLISM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FIRST PASS EFFECT? |
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Definition
| Mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed, enter into the hepatic portal circulation, and are inactivated by the liver before they reach general circulation |
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Term
| HOW ARE THE DOSAGE STRENGTH OF ORAL MEDICATION AND THE FIRST PASS EFFECT RELATED? |
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Definition
| The first pass effect might inactivate the majority of a drug, so this is one reason that oral doses of a certain medication are higher than the same med dose in a different route |
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Term
| WHAT ORGAN/SYSTEM SHOULD WE THINK OF WHEN WE TALK ABOUT EXCRETION? |
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Definition
| The urinary system, particularly the kidneys (but not always of course, such as asthma patients using inhalers) |
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Term
| WHAT IS A THERAPEUTIC RANGE? |
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Definition
| Dosage that produces the desired effects of a drug. NOTE: Think toxicity, for this range does not always correlate to a clinical response in a patient |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme (P450) that metabolizes drugs as well as nutrients. Although the liver is the major site for CYP activity, nearly every tissue in the body has some CYP enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Different forms of cytochrome P450 the perform slightly different metabolic functions |
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Term
| WOULD YOU EVER RAISE THE DOSE OF A MEDICATION IF THE BLOOD LEVEL IS WITHIN THERAPEUTIC RANGE? |
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Definition
| Yes, if the patient states that they are not feeling any effects, you may raise the dose level even if blood levels are already within range (ex: Lithium) |
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Term
| WHAT IS PLASMA HALF-LIFE? |
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Definition
| Time required for plasma concentration to decrease by one-half |
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Term
| WHAT IS A "LOADING DOSE?" |
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Definition
| A higher amount of drug, often given only once or twice, that is administered to "prime" the bloodstream with a level sufficient to quickly induce a therapeutic response. |
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Term
| WHAT IS A "MAINTENANCE DOSE?" |
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Definition
| Given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range |
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Term
| WHAT IS PHARMACODYNAMICS? |
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Definition
| How drugs act on the body |
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Term
| WHAT IS "THERAPEUTIC INDEX?" |
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Definition
| The ratio of a drug's LD50 (median lethal dose) to its ED50 (median effective dose). Thus, the therapeutic index (TI) is a measure of a drug's safety margin: the higher the value the safer the medication |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MARGIN OF SAFETY? |
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Definition
| MOS is another index of a drug's effectiveness and safety-it's calculated as the amount of drug lethal to 1% of animals divided by amount that produces therapeutic effect in 99% of animals. Higher MOS=safer med |
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Term
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Definition
| The strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose |
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Term
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Definition
| The greatest maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE RECEPTOR THEORY? |
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Definition
| Predicts that the response of a drug is proportional to the concentration of receptors that are bound or occupied by the drug |
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Term
| WHY ARE NURSES IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS? |
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Definition
| Nurses are the last cross-check of safety before patient takes drug |
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Term
| WHAT ARE ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS? |
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Definition
| Things we hope to avoid and monitor for carefully |
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Term
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Definition
| More expected events as a result of a certain medication |
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Term
| WHAT IS A BLACKBOX WARNING? |
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Definition
| This label on a medication happens after medication has been approved - as drug is prescribed to more ppl there can be negative effects not seen previously. These warnings are shared with patient but don't preclude prescribing |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE? |
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Definition
| An adverse drug effet that produces an unusual and unexpected response that is not related to pharmarcologic action of drug. Not classified as allergies because they are not immune related. |
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Term
| LIST SOME TYPES OF ORGAN SPECIFIC TOXICITY |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxicity, Neurotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Dermatologic Toxicity, Bone Marrow Toxicity, Cardiotoxicity, Skeletal Muscle Toxicity |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE "5 RIGHTS" RELATED TO REDUCING RISK? |
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Definition
1. Right Dose
2. Right Medication
3. Right Patient
4. Right Route
5. Right Time |
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Term
| WHAT IS MEDICATION RECONCILIATION? |
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Definition
| A process of keeping track of a patient's medications as their care proceeds from one health care provider to another |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE NURSING PROCESS? |
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Definition
| Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Plan, Implementation, and Evaluation |
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Term
| WHAT IS IMPORTANT TO DO AFTER EACH STEP OF THE NURSING PROCESS? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Whatever the patient says it is |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE GOAL OF PAIN MANAGEMENT? |
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Definition
| For pain to be managed-it might not be realistic for a patient to have a pain level of 0/10 |
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Term
| WHEN DO PROVIDERS CONSIDER ADMINISTERING OPIOIDS? |
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Definition
| They are usually reserved for moderate to severe pain |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPIOIDS AND NARCOTICS? |
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Definition
| They are often used interchangeably, but narcotics covers a broader scope of meds |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Narcotic Analgesic; Opioid Agonist
Indications: Management of acute and severe chronic pain
MOA: Occupies Mu and Kappa receptors
Side Effects: Respiratory Depression; Constipation Considerations: Monitor Elderly for urinary retention |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Analgesic; Nonopioid Analgesic
Indication: Relief of moderate to moderately severe pain
MOA: Binds to mu-opioid receptors and inhibits
Side Effects: Dizziness, Somnolence, Nausea, Constipation
Considerations: Patient may be at risk for suicidality, limit use in patients with history of addiction |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Diagnostic agent; Opioid antagonist
Indications: Complete or partial reversal of opioid depression
MOA: Competes with opioids for Mu and Kappa receptors Side Effects: acute opioid abstinence syndrome Considerations: Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Antimigraine agent; Serotonin receptor agonist Indications: treatment of acute migraines
MOA: Binds to serotonin receptors
Side Effects: Dizziness, Drowsiness, Tingling, rare cardiac Considerations: Instruct patient to immediately report chest pain |
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