Term
| natural penicillins drawbacks |
|
Definition
penicillinase sensitive
short half-lives (4x daily dosing) |
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Term
| antistaphylococcals side effects |
|
Definition
| allergies (type 1) and GI upset |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell wall synthesis inhibitors |
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|
Term
| aminopenicillins spectrum |
|
Definition
broad spectrum
effective against various gram+, some gram- |
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|
Term
| antipseudomonals spectrum |
|
Definition
IV broad specturm
good for pseudomonas
more gram- coverage
both come available with b-lactamase inhibitor |
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|
Term
| b-lactamase inhibitor combination spectrum |
|
Definition
good anaerobic coverage
broad spectrum
use if suspect resistant infection
(if not resistant, will not help extra) |
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Term
| cephalosporins (definition & classification) |
|
Definition
semi-synthetic antibiotics that are chemically similar to natural penicillins
classified in generations according to bacterial spectrum |
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Term
| 1st gen cephalosporins spectrum |
|
Definition
skin and soft tissue infections
better for Gram+, MSSA
"non prodrugs" - don't need to be activated
oral formulations |
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|
Term
| 2nd gen cephalosporins spectrum |
|
Definition
Gram-, Gram+, some anaerobes
oral formulations |
|
|
Term
| 3rd gen cephalosporins spectrum |
|
Definition
better Gram- and good Gram+ (except Staph) & anaerobic coverage
oral formulations
better Gram-, good Gram+ (except staph) and good anaerobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good for pneumonia, soft tissue, bone infections, UTIs
almost 100% bioavailability
broad spectrum: favorable Gram+, excellent Gram-, intercellular and good anaerobes (broad spectrum)
*often reserved for severe infections |
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|
Term
| moxifloxacin & gatifloxacin spectrum |
|
Definition
| good for respiratory and kidney infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good for UTIs, ear infections, E. coli, pneumocystis prevention in HIV pts
broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
| tetracyclines spectrum & MOA |
|
Definition
treat acne, STDs
binds to 30s ribosome; are bacteriocidal
broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
| Macrolides (MOA & side effects) |
|
Definition
bind to 50s ribosome, preventing translocation
side effects: GI and hypersensitivity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| azithromycin dosage (& frequency of use) |
|
Definition
macrolide used 90% of time
z-Pac = 5 day treatment, Tri-pac = 3day treatment |
|
|
Term
| erithromycin (spectrum/side effect) |
|
Definition
used more for eye infections because of diarrhea when taken orally
delayed release |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| side effects: headache, nausea, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
capsules, tabs, ointment, cream, suspenstion
dosed 4-5 x day for treatment
2 x day for prophylaxis
(poor outcomes because of this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 x daily dosing for treatment
1 x daily dosing for prophylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| penciclovir dosing & spectrum |
|
Definition
cream 1%
every 2 hrs while awake at 1st signs of cold sore tingling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit cytochrome p450 in the liver, which is enzyme responsible for development of cell membranes
for Fungi - need cholesterol to maintain cellular integrity
lots of drug interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase transmission of one or more neurotransmitters
*all increase suicidal tendencies in 23 yo and younger* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block amine reuptake pumps by presynaptic neuron
well absorbed
highly metabolized in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled release further in the GI tract (less absorption) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) |
|
Definition
mixed effects on seratonin and norepinephrine (block reuptake)
side effects: antihistamine, anticholinergic, alpha-blocking
*dirty drugs, less commonly used* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA for neuropathic pain and sleep |
|
|
Term
| SNRIs spectrum & side effect |
|
Definition
| for depression; can increase BP |
|
|
Term
| NDRIs spectrum & side effects |
|
Definition
antidepressants,act against dopamine
side effects: GI disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| other antidepressants side effect |
|
Definition
trazodone and mirtazapine
sedative side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BZDs: for sedation and anti-anziety
bind to GABA receptors, promote Cl channel openings (synaptic inhibition)
metabolized by CYP450 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| last 4-6 hours (also includes zolpidem (Ambien) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks BZD action (for overdose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appropriate for insomnia, not anxiety
eszopiclone approved for long-term use |
|
|
Term
| antipsychotics spectrum, MOA |
|
Definition
AKA "neuroleptics"
for psychosis, schizophrenia (off-label for bipolar, dementia, autism, migraines)
-excess dosage=Parkinson symptoms
*Expensive*
affects nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, & mesocortical pathways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| oral disintegrating and long-acting injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AEDs - stabilize membranes
also known as "mood stabilizers" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents cortical seizures
acts on Na, K, Ca conductance; promotes efflux of Na from neurons
slow and well-absorbed, has a plasma range of 10-20 mcg/mL
available injectable |
|
|
Term
| divalproex spectrum & MOA |
|
Definition
MS, bipolar, dementia, migrain
increases brain levels of GABA |
|
|
Term
| stimulants spectrum & MOA |
|
Definition
for ADHD
mimic norepinephrine
highly addictive
metabolized in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Schedule II
special dosage form |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
include penicillins and cephalosporins
inhibit critical step in bacterial cell wall synthesis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cloxacillin and dicloxacillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV
S. aureus that are resistant to either of these is considered MRSA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tabs, caps, suspension, chew tabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 mechanisms of Beta-lactam resistance |
|
Definition
1. inactivation of beta-lactam ring
(S. aureus, M cat, N Gonorrhoeae, H flu
2. alteration of penicillin binding proteins
(S pneumonia, Enterococcus, and MRSA)
3. reduction of antibiotic access to penicillin binding proteins
4. elaboration of antibiotic efflux mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased bacterial permeability to drug; increased production of the enzyme that the drug inhibits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased cell permeability; increased cell efflux of the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations in enzyme activity which prevent drug from becoming active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from penicillins; anaphylaxis within 30 minutes
can be single organ or multiple
usually from IV antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic reaction; erythema 5-12 hours after ingestion; penicillin and sulfa drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by penicillin or sulfa drugs; immune complex reaction 3-8 hours later; less common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T-cells, 48-72 hours later
more common reaction |
|
|
Term
| natural penicillins spectrum |
|
Definition
good gram+, some gram-
good for strep pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| antistaphylococcals spectrum |
|
Definition
staph. aureus and epidermis
narrower-spectrum
penicillinase and b-lactamase resistant
penicillinase and b-lactamase resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by acting on DNA gyrases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI side effects, all interact with Warfarin, contraindicated for pregnant, BF, and kids whose epi plates have not closed; also increase blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriostatic
inhibit synthesis of folic acid with PABA |
|
|
Term
| sulfonamides side effects |
|
Definition
side effects: hypersensitivity, prone to sunburn, interacts with Warfarin & Dilantin
tabs, DS tabs, and suspenstion |
|
|
Term
| tetracyclines side effects |
|
Definition
side effects: GI, fetal teeth, sun-sensitive
contraindicated in pregnant, kids <8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment & prevention of HSV-1 & -2, secondary VZV, influenza, and hepatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target various stages of viral replication: binding, uncoating, synthesis of viral compounds, assembly of viral particles, release of the virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
for Candida, coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis
oral, vaginal, genital, feet, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GI disturbance 1st week, sexual dysfunction
best for drinkers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not as effective in hepato-compromised pts
tolerance and dependence develop when used over time
Schedule IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block dopamine (D2 receptors) at postsynaptic level
newer drugs block 5-HT2 (seratonin) receptors
incompletely absorbed- highly lipid soluble (=longer duration), significant 1st pass metabolism, can be detected in urine after pt stops taking the drug |
|
|
Term
| antipsychotics side effects |
|
Definition
| sleepiness/restlessness, amenorrhea, decreased libido, gynecomastia in men & orthostatic hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram+, strep pneumo, poor gram- (exccept M cat, H flu & legionella), good intracellular against mycoplasma (& other URIs)and chlamydia; not good anaerobic |
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