Term
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Definition
Evaluates safety and toxicity
Drug is given to a small number (20-80) of healthy volunteers |
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Term
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Definition
Determine an optimal dose of drug
Drug is given to about 100 patients for treatment or prevention of target disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Verify the efficacy and safety of the drug
Drug is evaluated in larger (hundreds to thousands), more heterogeneous populations
Drug is compared to existing treatments (standard of care), placebo, or both |
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Term
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Definition
Occur after drug is approved and marketed (post-approval trials)
Involve more heterogeneous groups (ie pregnant women, elderly, children) because in initial testing they hadn’t tested these populations
Ongoing evaluation of adverse effects and other indications
Some drugs withdrawn from the market due to new adverse effect data |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive substances or interventions, most often used in controlled studies for comparison with potentially active drugs |
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Term
| When can potential drug errors occur |
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Definition
Prescribing-pertains to PAs the most
Administering
Dispensing
Patient adherence |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a patients follows a treatment regimen |
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Term
| Frequent reasons for nonadherence |
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Definition
Frequent dosing
Denial of illness
Cost
Physical difficulties
Disappearance of symptoms
Adverse effects |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
| the concurrent use of two drugs with similar properties or mechanisms of action which can have additive effects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit CYP enzyme system --> increased concentrations of substrate--> decrease the dose of the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| induce CYP enzyme system--> decreased concentrations of substrate-->increase the dose of the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the margin between the doses required to produce a therapeutic effect and those producing toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| having little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses |
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Term
| Adverse drug reaction (ADR) |
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Definition
| not predictable, unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have |
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Term
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Definition
| anticipated/common, unintended effects that occur within the therapeutic range |
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Term
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Definition
Dose-related
Allergic
Idiosyncratic |
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Term
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Definition
| study of variability in drug response due to genetic factors, which are mainly inherited |
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Term
| Four categories of pharmacogenetic influences on drug responses |
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Definition
Effect on drug pharmacokinetics
Effect on pharmacodynamics
Effect on idiosyncratic reactions
Effect on disease pathogenesis, the underlying severity of a disease, or the ability to respond to a specific therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| “What the body does to a drug” |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of drug into, through, and out of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| Parenteral administration |
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Definition
| Does not involve the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| Absorption of drug depends on |
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Definition
Drug’s physiochemical properties
Formulation
Route of administration |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent and rate at which the active drug enters systemic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation-hits liver first |
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Term
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Definition
| After the drug enters the systemic circulation, it is distributed to the body’s tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein in the body which drugs most frequently bind |
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Term
| Drugs that can cross the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
Unbound,
Nonionized,
Lipophilic drugs |
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Term
| The location of primary site of metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major route of excretion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body |
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Term
| How many half-lives for the drug to be eliminated from the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| describes the situation during chronic drug administration when the amount of drug administered per unit of time equals drug eliminated per unit of time |
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Term
| How many half lives to achieve a steady state |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chronic administration to maintain a steady state of drug in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| administered to achieve rapid elevations of drug concentration and therapeutic effects earlier than with maintenance therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| “What the drug does to the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions |
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Term
| Factors affecting pharmacodynamics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules involved in the chemical signaling between and within cells |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that bind to a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which a drugs acts on a given site relative to other sites |
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Term
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Definition
| the tenacity with which the drug binds to the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which a drug activates a receptor and leads to a cellular response |
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Term
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Definition
Ion channels
G-protein coupled
Cytosolic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Activate receptors to produce the desired response |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent receptor activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Have agonistic and antagonistic effects |
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Term
| What are the effects of Heart failure on drug concentration and response |
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Definition
Decreased liver and kidney perfusion--> impair drug clearance
Decreased tissue perfusion-->smaller Vd
Decreased gut perfusion -->decreased absorption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
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Definition
| Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria Growth Inhibiting |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of time after complete removal of an antibiotic during which there is no growth of the target organism |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams |
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Term
| Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance |
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Definition
| Breaks double O bond and making the drug inactive |
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Term
| Major Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance |
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Definition
1. enzyme-mediated
2. mutation
3. alterations uptake and efflux |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Monobactam
Carbapenems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gentamycin, Neomycin(topical) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
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Term
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Definition
| Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oxazolidinones
Cyclic lipopeptides
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides (CA-MRSA)
Cephalosporins (5th gen) |
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Term
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Definition
PCNase resistant
Cephalosporins 1st & 2nd gen
Quinolones
Glycopeptides
Cyclic lipopeptides |
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Term
| Pseudomonas activity drugs |
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Definition
Cephlasporins
Ceftazidime/Cefepime
3rd and 4th gen respectively
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones |
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Term
| Drugs with Rash as side effect |
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Definition
Beta-Lactams
Sulfonamides
Quinolones
Tetracyclines(doxy and mino)
Glycopeptides |
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Term
| Drugs eliminated by the liver |
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Definition
PCNase Resistant PCN
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Clindamycin
Chloromycetin |
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Term
| Drugs active against Rickettsia |
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Definition
Chloromycetin
Tetracyclines |
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Term
| Class associated with "red man rash" |
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Definition
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Term
| Class associated with Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme-mediated antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
Some bacteria may produce an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic.
example:beta-lactamase |
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Term
| Mutation Antibiotic Resistance |
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Definition
| modification or mutation of binding cite |
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Term
| Reduced uptake of the antibiotic |
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Definition
| Bacteria alter their cell wall structure to reduce permeability and antibiotic uptake. |
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Term
| Active efflux of the antibiotic |
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Definition
| Bacteria can increase efflux mechanisms, which decreases drug penetration and increase the elimination of antibiotics from inside the cell |
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