Term
|
Definition
• Protecting mucous membrane in the GI tract
• Circulatory system to keep PDA open
• Erectile dysfunction
• Glaucoma
• Abortifactant |
|
|
Term
Production usually accompanies the production of histamine
---involved in asthmatic & allergic reactions (act to sustain inflammatory reactions)
Bronchonstriction
Vascular permeability
Secretion of mucus
Infiltration of inflammatory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prophylaxis of asthma (but not for quick relief of bronchoconstriction) |
|
|
Term
| • Will not work for rescue inhaler |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased concentration in Respiratory tract, GI tract, Skin
Also high concentrations in mast cells and basophils |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine 1 Receptors adverse effects |
|
Definition
• ↑ Production of nasal & bronchial mucus
• Constriction of bronchioles
• Symptoms of asthma & decreased lung capacity
• Contraction of Intestinal Smooth Muscle
• GI cramping & diarrhea
• Sensory Nerve Endings
• Itching & pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Block the receptor mediated response in target tissues |
|
|
Term
| 1st generation antihistamines |
|
Definition
effective
low cost
• Interact with histaminic, muscarinic/cholinergic, alpha adrenergic, and serotonin receptors |
|
|
Term
| 2nd generation antihistamines |
|
Definition
| more specific for H1 receptors |
|
|
Term
| more specific for H1 receptors |
|
Definition
| 2nd generation antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of choice for allergic rhinitis and urticaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment/prevention of motion sickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of 1st generation antihistamines |
|
Definition
sedation
dry mouth
blurred vision |
|
|
Term
| o 2nd generation antihistamines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antihistamines interactions |
|
Definition
| alcohol, muscle relaxers, cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Drug Interactions for antihistamines |
|
Definition
CNS depressants
MAOIs
cholinesterase inhibitors
Alzheimer's medications |
|
|
Term
| 5-HT 1D receptor agonists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vasoconstriction or inhibit release of proinflammatory neuropeptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of triptans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aspirin as an antiplatelet |
|
Definition
Inhibits COX-1 and thromboxane A2 synthesis
Platelet cannot synthesize |
|
|
Term
| Prophylaxis of TIA and MI, reduces mortality of MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Irreversibly inhibit the binding of ADP to its receptors on platelets (inhibiting the activation of the GP IIb/IIIa receptors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Reduces the possibility of platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Prevention of atherosclerotic events following recent myocardial infarction, stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease
– Prophylaxis of thrombotic events in acute coronary syndromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
– Neutropenia
– Bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Binds to GP IIb/IIIa receptors & blocks the binding of fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| – Decrease the incidence of thrombotic complications associated with acute coronary syndromes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Increases intracellular of cAMP, resulting in decreased synthesis of thromboxane A2 & the inhibition of platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| • Typically used in combination with another medications for antiplatelet effects |
|
Definition
| • Aspirin + dipyridamole (Aggrenox®) |
|
|
Term
| – Accelerates interaction of antithrombin III & thrombin (leading to acclerated inactivation of thrombin); prevents conversion of fibringogen to fibrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Prophylactically to prevent postoperative venous thrombosis in patients undergoing elective surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Requires monitoring aPTT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Does NOT cross the placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) |
|
Definition
– Better bioavailability with more predictable absorption & effects
– Doesn’t require monitoring of bleeding times |
|
|
Term
| • Disadvantages of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Adverse Effects of Heparin an LMWH |
|
Definition
bleeding
hypersensitivity reactions
thrombosis
thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| – Prevention of progression or recurrence of acute DVT or PE after initial heparin treatment |
|
Definition
vitamin K antagonists
Warfarin (Coumadin®) |
|
|
Term
| used Prophylactically for patients with acute myocardial infarction, prosthetic heart valves, or chronic a. fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin k antagonist (coumadin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may also dissolve beneficial clots |
|
|
Term
| • Dissolve blood clots by activating plasminogen (forming plasmin). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs used to treat prolonged bleeding due to heparin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs used to treat prolonged bleeding due to Warfarin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs used to treat prolonged bleeding due to LMWH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse hematologic abnormality but will MASK vitamin b 12 deficiency leading to severe neurological dysfunction and disease |
|
|
Term
| • Vitamin B12 deficiency OR Folate deficiency seen in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatments for types of anemia |
|
Definition
• PO Iron Therapy
• Parenteral Iron Therapy
• Colony Stimulating Factors (G-CSF) |
|
|
Term
| • Colony Stimulating Factors (G-CSF) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug given for Chemotherapy-induced Anemia |
|
Definition
| – Erythropoietin Alpha (Epogen®) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Augmented drug extrusion-increased p-glycoprotein that removes drug from cells
• Changes in cellular targets of drugs• Changes in transport or activating enzymes
• Increased ability for DNA repair |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs |
|
Definition
– Infertility
– Hair loss
– Bone marrow, neutropenia |
|
|
Term
| minimize adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs |
|
Definition
– Direct perfusion of the tumor with a chemotherapy agent (instead of systemic administration)
– Bone marrow harvest prior to therapy for implantation later (if needed)
– Intensive hydration & diuresis for bladder protection (if needed)
– Reversal of neutropenia with filgrastin |
|
|
Term
| most common principle of combination chemotherapeutic drugs |
|
Definition
– Synergistic effects from 2 different MoA to treat the cancer
– Minimize organ toxicity by using lower doses
– Prevent resistance |
|
|
Term
damage DNA &/or proteins in the cell, causing inhibition of replication
Inhibition of DNA replication because interlined strands do not separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AE of cyclophosphamide (alkylating agents) |
|
Definition
If cells are not killed, mutations occur making this class more likely to be carcinogenic (secondary malignancies like leukemia)
Secondary malignancy
Bone marrow suppression is the dose-limiting AE |
|
|
Term
| Hemorrhagic cystitis (due to acrolein, may lead to fibrosis of the bladder) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acts in any phase of the cell cycle, but cancer cells in the G1 & S phases are more susceptible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of platinum agents |
|
Definition
Severe, persistent vomiting (esp. with Cisplatin)
Dose-related nephrotoxicity
Otoxicity
Neuropathy |
|
|
Term
Effective in S2 & G phases
Uncoiling of DNA & blocking of DNA & RNA synthesis
Oxidative damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of anthracyclines |
|
Definition
Cardiotoxicity
red discoloration of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topoisomerase 1 inhibitors |
|
Definition
| inhibition of the function & synthesis of DNA |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of TOP-1 inhibitors |
|
Definition
Myelosuppression
Delayed diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| topoisomerase 2 inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Uncoiling of DNA, DNA ruptures |
|
|
Term
| methotrexate (antimetabolites) |
|
Definition
| Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) |
|
|
Term
Used as a rescue from methotrexate
Bypasses DHFR enzyme and replaces the folate supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inhibits DNA polymerase enzyme
Interrupts chain elongation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| block mitosis in metaphase (M) |
|
Definition
| microtubule inhibitors (vinca alkaloids, taxanes) |
|
|
Term
| Bind to microtubule protein (tubulin) resulting in a dysfunctional mitotic spindle apparatus |
|
Definition
| microtubule inhibitors (vinca alkaloids, taxanes) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperuricemia seen with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Dose-limiting neutropenia
• Serious hypersensitivity reactions
• Peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Binds to estrogen receptor but fails to induce estrogen-receptor genes & RNA synthesis |
|
Definition
| selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hot flashes,
Thromboembolism, endometrial cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ↓production of estrogen by preventing the conversion of androstenedione to estrogen in the liver, fat, muscle, skin, & breast tissue |
|
|
Term
| Occupy the GnRH receptors in the pituitary, leading inhibition of release of FSH & LH |
|
Definition
| gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competes with testosterone for binding to androgen receptors (antagonizes the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) |
|
|
Term
| Trigger immune system resulting in cell death through complement-mediated cellular toxicity or the antigen-antibody cell complex is internalized into cancer cell resulting in cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for chemotherapy induced nausea & vomiting |
|
Definition
| poor emetic control w/prior chemo, female gender, low chronic alcohol intake, younger age |
|
|
Term
| classes of medications used to treat chemotherapy induced nausea & vomiting |
|
Definition
– 5HT3 antagonist
– corticosteroids
– Benzodiazepines
– Cannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| Arrest growth of invading organism while immune system destroys organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes direct death of invading organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth; To provide effective antimicrobial actions the drug should exceed the MIC in the appropriate location of the body |
|
Definition
| minimum inhibitory concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevention of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment of current infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis/repair through penicillin binding proteins (PBP), causing weakening of the cell membrane and cell lysis; bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| Effective against rapidly growing organisms that synthesize a peptidoglycan cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of penicillins |
|
Definition
| Allergy- hypersensitivity and rash |
|
|
Term
| classes of antibiotics may be combined for synergistic effects |
|
Definition
| Penicillins & Aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as penicillin: Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing weakening of the cell membrane and cell lysis; bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| if you are allergic to penicillin, you will most likely be allergic to |
|
Definition
cephalosporins
10% Cross-allergenicity between penicillins & cephalosporins
looks the same as penicillin- most who are allergic are also allergic to cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| 1st Generation cephalosporins used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd generation cephalosporins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ○ Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall phospholipids, causing the cell wall to be weakened & damage to the underlying cell membrane; bactericidal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ○ Reserve for serious infections caused by b-lactam resistant, gram (+) microorganisms or patients that have a life-threatening allergy to betalactam antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
○ Infusion reaction (red man syndrome):
Results from histamine release w/rapid infusion
slow the infusion or give antihistamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome causing inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Do not give to kids under 8 years old- in active growing phase. This will pull the calcium out of their teeth and bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse through porin channels and bind to the 30 S ribosomal subunit, interrupting protein synthesis, same as tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
– Ototoxicity
– Nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversibly bind to the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis; generally considered bacteriostatic, but may have bactericidal at high dosages |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of macrolides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of chloramphenicol |
|
Definition
– Superinfections-Candida of mucous membranes
– Anemias
– Gray baby syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irreversibly bind to the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis (same as erythromycin) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| ○ Pseudomembranous colitis:C. difficile (potentially fatal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enter the bacterium by passive diffusion through porins in the outer membrane
Once inside the cell, they inhibit the replication of bacterial DNA by interfering with enzymes (gyrase & topoisomerases) involved in bacterial growth & reproduction |
|
|
Term
| interacts with Dietary supplements with iron or zinc, Ca (supplements or food) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do not give under 18 years old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of the synthesis of bacterial dihydrofolate acid (essential cofactor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of sulfonamides |
|
Definition
Hypersensitivity: rashes, angioedema, SJS
Steven Johnson syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (similar to sulfonamides, but different enzyme) |
|
|
Term
| Typically used with sulfamethoxazole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Nucleic acid analogs-compete as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase & incorporation into viral DNA (causing premature chain termination); inhibition of DNA polymerase &/or reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| • Acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of many viral RNA and DNA polymerases as well as HIV reverse transcriptase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neuraminidase inhibitors adverse effects |
|
Definition
| • Nephrotoxicity, Anemia, Seizures, Arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
prevent the release of new visions
given 24-48 hours after exposure to decrease the intensity and duration of symptoms |
|
Definition
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)
neuraminidase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
• Selectively inhibits viral DNA & RNA synthesis
• Pediatrics with severe RSV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naturally occurring glycoproteins that interfere with the ability of viruses to infect penetrate host cells and uncoat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV therapy selection criteria |
|
Definition
1. Avoid the use of 2 agents of same nucleoside analog
2. Avoid overlapping toxicities & genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the virus
3. Patient factors: symptoms, concurrent illnesses
4. Impact of drug interactions
5. Ease of adherence to regimen |
|
|
Term
| NRTIs in treatment of HIV |
|
Definition
• Cells and are incorporated into viral DNA by reverse transcriptase
• DNA-chain elongation is terminated |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of NRTIs used in HIV |
|
Definition
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Lipoatrophy (swiss cheese) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Highly selective, noncompetitive inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of NNRTIs |
|
Definition
| • Hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
| protease inhibitors used to treat HIV |
|
Definition
• Reversible inhibitors of HIV protease (involved with essential enzymes)
• This inhibition results decreased production of virions |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of protease inhibitors used in HIV |
|
Definition
• Disturbances in lipid & glucose metabolism
• Fat redistribution (redistributes from extremities to the trunk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Typically used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer or booster of other protease inhibitors
• Increases the bioavailability & allows for less frequent dosing
• Help prevent the resistance to the other protease inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Ritonavir used to treat HIV |
|
|
Term
| • Prevents the fusion of the membrane of the HIV cell to the membrane of the host cell |
|
Definition
| entry inhibitors used to treat HIV |
|
|
Term
| • Inhibits the final step in integration of strand transfer of the viral DNA to the host cell |
|
Definition
| integrase inhibitors used to treat HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungal infection treatment
• Bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane forming pores that disrupt membrane function, resulting in cell death |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of amphotericin |
|
Definition
• Low therapeutic index
• Fever/chills/hypotension
• Renal impairment/nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| • Interfers with fungal cell membrane permeability by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of azole antifungals |
|
Definition
• GI: vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity
• Skin: rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Viral illness like sypmptoms: Fever, Rash, Nausea |
|
|
Term
| • Inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase leading to decreased ergosterol synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Drug of choice for treatment of dermatophytoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Liver enzyme elevation, hepatoxicity |
|
|
Term
| • Accumulates in newly synthesized tissue containing keratin and causes disruption of the mitotic spindle & inhibition of fungal mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Interfere with fungal cell membrane permeability by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol)
• Disrupts mitotic spindle |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of TB resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Synthetic pyridoxine analog
• Prodrug is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase (katG) and inhibits enzymes that are essential for the formation of mycolic acid (essential component of the mycobacterial cell wall) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Use-1st line treatment for M. Tuberculosis (in combination therapy) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| identify adverse effects of INH |
|
Definition
• Vitamin B6 depletion
• Peripheral neuritis
• Hepatitis/Hepatoxicity |
|
|
Term
| • Interacts with the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase to block transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of rifampin |
|
Definition
• Discoloration-Orange/red discoloration to secretions (urine, tears, etc.)
• Flu-like syndrome-Fever, chills, myalgias |
|
|
Term
| • Inhibits an essential enzyme (arabinosyl transferase) causing disruption of cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of ethambutol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 4 drug treatment for TB |
|
Definition
| • Isoniazide, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol |
|
|
Term
| Interferes with electron transport proteins in amebic cells, resulting in damage to DNA & proteins and cause cell death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of metronidazole |
|
Definition
– GI upset, metallic taste
– Alcohol: disulfiram (vomiting)-like reaction |
|
|
Term
• Tissue schizonticide; eradicates the exoerythrocytic forms of falciparum, vivax, and ovale
• Gametocide: the gametocyte form is prevented from maturing later in the mosquito-interupts the transmission of the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Causes the organism to not be able to convert heme to hemozoin & the build up of heme is toxic to the organism |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of chloroquine |
|
Definition
| • GI upset, HA, blurred vision, pruritis, Discoloration of the nail beds & mucous membranes; May exacerbate neurologic or hematologic disorders |
|
|
Term
| • Typically reserved for severe or resistant malaria infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Blood schizonticide (no effect in liver stage); Forms complexes with DNA, interfering with DNA & RNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mebendazole, thiabendazole, albendazole |
|
|
Term
– bind & interfers w/parasites’ microtubule assembly & ↓ glucose uptake by parasite
– acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent in parasite causing the paralyzed worm to be
excreted |
|
Definition
|
|
