Term
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Definition
| (Subcategory of Metabolic Process)
initially inactive and exert no pharmacological effects until they are metabolized.
Conversion from fat-soluble to water soluble and exert. No pharmacological effect.
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Term
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Definition
| The method by which drugs are inactivated or bio-transformed by the body. Active drugs is changed into inactive metabolites then excreted. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Drug-Drug Interaction)
Occurs when 2 drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken.
Ex: drinking & sedatives |
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Term
|
Definition
(Drug Drug Interactions)
Occurs when 2 Drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together.
Ex: acetaminophen, codeine, Tylenol 3
increases analgesic effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
(Drug-Drug Interactions)
One drug interfers with the metabolism of a second drug. May lead to intensified effects of the second drug. |
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Term
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Definition
(Drug-Drug Interaction)
A drug with a strong attraction to protein binding sites may displace a less tightly bond drug. May increase the effects of the displaced drug.
Ex: aspirin displaces warfarin=increases te drug w/anticoagulant effects. |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect drug metabolism? |
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Definition
| Enzyme induction and Enzyme inhibition |
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Term
| Where are Drug-metabolizing enzymes located? |
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Definition
| Kidneys, liver, red blood cells, plasma, lungs, gastrointestinal mucosa. |
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Term
| What is the most important guide for pediatric drug therapy? |
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Definition
| Child's age, weight, and level of growth and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| drug, dose, patient, route, time |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that produce a response. Accelerate or slow down normal cellular processes. Similar effects as naturally produced hormones. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a receptor? |
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Definition
| Activates a drug. Protiens and drugs bind to affect a target affect. All body cells do not respond to all drugs. Drug molecules must occupy a minimal number of receptors to produce pharmacological effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that block response, inhibit cell function. |
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Term
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Definition
(Subcategory of Absorption)
portion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation & available to ct on body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which a drug passes to the liver first. |
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Term
|
Definition
MOST easily(high)abused.
NOT approved for medical use, NOT therapeutic. EXP: Rohypnol, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), and Heroin,Ecstacy |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of drug movement to achieve drug action: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs. Often the first drug of a particular group to be developed. EXP: Morphine is the prototype of Opioid analgesics. Penicillin is the prototype of antibacterial drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act mainly on the site of application |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taken into the body circulated via the blood stream to sites of action, and eventually eliminated from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| or Brand Name name designated and patented by the manufacturer. Capitalized. |
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Term
|
Definition
The process that occures from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.
Factors that affect the rate and extend the drug absorption are: Dosage form, route and administration, administration site,blood flow, and GI function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The transport of drug molecules within the body. Drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to: Action sites, metabolism sites, excretion sites. Depends on adequacy of blood circulation. Distributes rapidly to organs w/large blood supply like-Protein binding, blood brain barrier, pregnancy, lactation. |
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Term
| What are controlled drugs and guidelines for scheduling? |
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Definition
| Narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids. Store in locked containers. |
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Term
|
Definition
(lowercase)
Related to the chemical or Official name(amoxicillin)from the company that did the research and development and received initial approval from the FDA. Ending suggest classification "cillin"
NOT capitalized. |
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Term
| What are the best ways to study for pharmacology? |
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Definition
(best)TEXTBOOK
drug reference book- use in clinical practice
journal articles
select internet sites. |
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Term
|
Definition
LEAST potential for abuse.
contains moderate amounts of controlled substances.
Regulated by lay. Records kept.
May dispense without a prescription some restrictions on amts purchased.
EXP: Lomotil and decongestants Codeine cough syrups. |
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Term
|
Definition
Some potential for abuse.
Used therapeutically.
EXP: Valium, ativan, phenobarbital
benzodiazepines, sleep aids |
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Term
|
Definition
| HIGH potential for abuse, cannot be refilled, used therapeutically, dependance. EXP: codeine, morphine, oxycodone, methamphetamine, ritalin, and pentobarbital |
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Term
|
Definition
LESS ABUSE potential.
Used therapeutically.
May lead to psychological or physical dependency.
EXP: anabolic steroids, ketamine, mixtures with small amounts of opiates. |
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Term
| What does the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act passed in 1970 regulate? |
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Definition
| manufacturing & distribution of narcotics & controlled substances. |
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Term
| Drugs are classified according to which features? |
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Definition
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Term
| What categories of controlled substances are most easily abused? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main goal of current drug laws & standards is to ensure? |
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Definition
| Drugs marketed for thrapeutic purposes are safe & effective. |
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Term
| FDA since 1962 require to test drugs, companies initially do testing on? |
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Definition
| Animals 1st, FDA reviews test results, next clinical trial in humans. |
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Term
| The DEA requires registered individuals & companies legally empowered to handle controlled substances they must do? |
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Definition
1. Keep accurate records of all transactions.
2. Be registered w/DEA.
3. Provide for secure storage of controlld substances. |
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Term
| A/an _____ is an inactive substance simular in appearance to the actual drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Having drugs available OTC has potential advantages & disadvantages. What is one of the advantages? |
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Definition
| faster, more convenient to treatment and accessibility. |
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Term
| Having drugs available OTC has potential advantages & disadvantages. What is one of the disadvantages? |
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Definition
| inaccurate self diagnoses, potential risk choosing wrong drug, delay treatment, drug reactions & interactions. Over/Misuse |
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Term
| How many phases and what are they when the FDA(1962) approves testing on Humans? |
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Definition
4 phases.
Phase I-healthy volunteers
Phase II-a few doses given to a certain # of subjects
Phase III-drugs given to larger group of subjects in blind study
Phase IV-FDA evaluated data from Phase I,II, III for drug safety & effectiveness allows to go to market and continues monitoring drug effect. |
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Term
| How will you study to be successful in Pharmacology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that affect the rate and extend the drug absorption are? |
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Definition
| Dosage form, route and administration, administration site,blood flow, and GI function. |
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Term
|
Definition
Drug distribution an important factor process affected by;inactive due to large size & inability to leave bloodstream. Albumin acts as a carrier
protein binding.
blood brain barrier-only drugs that are lipid soluble or a transport system can cross.
pregnancy-drugs cross can affect fetus
and lactation-drugs enter breast milk, can affect infant. |
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Term
| Lady perscribed meds to control hypercholesterolemia. 2 yrs later dr. gives her a higher dose of meds due to a process called ____? |
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Definition
Enzyme induction
Accelerates metabolism, may need larger dose to maintain therapeutic effect, can become toxic |
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Term
| Man perscribed combo of drugs to treat disease process. He's showing signs of toxicity to new drugs. A possble cause in absorption of meds is called ___? |
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Definition
enzyme inhibition
2 or more drugs compete for smae metaboizing enzymes. Smaller dose needed. |
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Term
| Some drugs or metabolilites are excreated in bile then eliminated in feces, others are excreated in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver. This process is called ____ ____? |
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Definition
| enterohepatic recirculation |
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Term
| Measurements of serum drug levels(SDL) is useful in the following situations? |
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Definition
1. when drugs w/a narrow margin of safety are given, because their therapeutic dose are close to their toxic dose.
2. to document SDL associated w/drug dose, therapeutic effects or adverse effects.
3. to monitor unexpected response to a drug dose. Ex:decreased therapeutic or increased adverse effect.
4. Drug overdose is suspected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lab measurement of the amt. of a drug in the blood at a particulr tme. Reflects; dosag, absorption, bioavailibility, half-life, rate of metabolism & excretion. |
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Term
| For most drugs serum levels indicate the onset, peak, duration of drug reaction. After a single dose of a drug is given, onset of action occurs when the drug level reaches ____? |
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Definition
MEC Minimum effectve concentration.
must be presentbefore a drug exerts its pharmacologic action on boy cells; determined by drug dose, and how well absorbed into blood stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Eliminatio half life.
time required for serum concentratin o drug to decrease by 50%. |
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Term
| When a drug is given at a stable dose. How many 1/2 life periods to achieve steady state concentration & develope equilibrium between tissues & serum concentrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor Theory of Drug Action |
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Definition
When drug molecules bind w/ receptors molecules; initiates physiochemical reactions that stimulate or inhibit normal cellular function.
Drugs exert their effects by chemically binding w/ receptors cells. |
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Term
| Non-receptor drug actions |
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Definition
Few drugs taht do not act on receptor sites include.
Antacids (neutralize HC acid)
increase Osmotic diuretics(mannital)
Anticancer drugs(purines)
Metal chelaing agents. |
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Term
|
Definition
Food may slow the absorption of drug if t be taken on empty stomach.
Dr. orders selegiline for Parkinson's disease. Tyramine rich foods to avoid by pt taking MAO inhibitors incluse aged cheese, sauerkraut, soy sause, tap or draft beer.
Diagnosed w/ aterial fibrilation & perscribed Coumandin. Pt should avoid food w/ Vit K.
Tetracyclie (antibiotic) & dairy milk & cheese should be avoided.
Hypercholesterolemia & perscribed statin avoid gratefruit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coumadin is anticoagulant. Offset & predispose pt to thromboembolic disorder. avoid Vit K, Spinach, green leafy veggies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixing alcohol & narcotics |
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Term
| A/an ____ medication drug can be given to _____ counteract the toxic effects of another drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of the potntially fatal adverse effects and risks ofdrug abuse and dependence, all o the opioid analgesics have ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A Schedule II drug that is similar to codeine in its ananlgesic and antitussive effects is called ____? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An opium alkaloid and Schedule II drug that is used for analgesic and antitussive effect is called ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An opium alkaloid that is mainly used to relieve moderate to severe pain is called ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A potent opioid that is wiedely used for preanesthetic medication, postoperative analgesia and chronic pain that requires an opioid analgesic is called ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A synthetic drug that is similar to morphine but with a longer duration of action is called ____? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mrs. Smith is 12 hours status post appendectomy. Her son asks the nurse to rduce the amt of pain medicaton that hi mother is taking. He states, "When I had my appendix out, I needed half the pain meds that she does." You state? |
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Definition
| Pain isa subjective experience, we all feel pain differently. |
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Term
| Mr. James is receiving an opiod analgesic for bon pain related to a fractured femur. On post-op day 3, he still requests pain meds every 2-3 hours. His incision is clean, dry, and intact, and there are no signs or symptoms of an infections process surrounding the incision. You respond to his request for pain medicaiton by assessing for? |
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Definition
drug tolerance
Body becomes accustomed to particular drug and larger dose is needed. |
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Term
| Mrs. Wlson states that her pain is unbearable. You have an order for one or two tablets of an opioid analgesic for pain relief. Which of the following is one method that you may use to assess the intensity of the pain? |
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Definition
| Use a numerical scale of 0-10 with 0 being the least amt of pain. |
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Term
| Mr. Peters presents in the emergey dept. and states tat he is experiencing pain in his shoulder and chest muscles. The Physician orders a cardiac diagnostic assessment. The client ass you why the doctor feels tat he has cardiac problems if his shoulder hurts. What would you tell him? |
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Definition
| You may have referred pain. Pain of ardiac origin may radiate to the neck, shoulders, chest muscles and down the arms, often the left side. |
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Term
| You administer an oral opioid analgesic to a pt. at 6pm for pain documented as 6 on a scale of 0-10. At 6:30pm the client states tat the pain level is 3 on the scale. The pt. asks why you returned to reassess the pain, You state that for proper pain mangement the nurse must? |
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Definition
| Assess every pt. in rlation to pain, initially to determine appropriate interventions and later to determine wheather the interventios were effective in preventing or relieving pain. |
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Term
| Mrs. Zeta is recovering from shingles. She is experiencing sharp pain in the area of the healed pustules on her left rib cage. She does not like how the opioid ananlgesic that is rdered makes her feel, and she refused the medication. What physician orders would be best? |
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Definition
| Lidoderm in the form of a transdermal gel patch. |
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Term
| Mrs. Woods injured her knee in a moor vehicle accident. Her pain is not managed during physical therapy with pain meds alone. After assessing the pt. for further damage to the joint, the dr. orders corticosteroids. Mrs. Woods ask how corticosteroids will improve her mobility and manage her pain? You respond |
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Definition
| Cortcosteroids can reduce inflammation, iritability and spontaneous discharge in injured nerves and other tissues. |
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Term
| Mr. Smith complains of foot pain related to diabetic neuropathy. He asks why did dr. order tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) stating, "I am not depressed; I just have pain. You respond |
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Definition
| TCA's inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in nerve synapses, thereby making these neurotransmitters more available to inhibit pain signals. |
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Term
| Mrs. Smith is experiencing uncontrolled pain related to hr peripheral neuropathy. Multiple analgesics have been used to manage her pain w/o success. The dr. orders gabapentin. As part of your teaching plan, you explain to the pt. that gabapentin works withthe nerve cells that carry pain and ____? |
|
Definition
| decrease their irritability so that they will be less likely to carry pain signals. |
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Term
| Mr. Smith comes to emergency with a severe headache and pain that is unresolved for 24 hrs. You note; he has self administering 500 mg of acetaminophen, two pills every 4 hrs. The dr. orders a liver panel. He states "I only took acetaminophen, why are you concerned? As part of the teaching plan you instruct Mr. Smith that the max dose of acetaminophen is 24 hrs is? |
|
Definition
4 grams
and what he took was 6 grams. |
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Term
| The dr. orders NSAIDs for your pt. with a sprained ankle. As part of you education plan you explain what NSAIDs do. You tell pt? |
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Definition
| NSAIDs reduce inflammatory chemicals that cuase, increase or maintain pain signals. |
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Term
| ____ pain is caused by lesions or physiologic changes that injure peripheral pain receptors, nerves or the CNS. It is characterized by excessive excitability in the damaged area or surrounding normal tissues, so that nerve cells discharge more easily. As a result, pain may arise spontaneously or from a normally nonpainful stimulus, such as a light touch. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Your client describes the pain in his injured ankles as buring and cramping. The symptoms re examples of which type of pain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ types of pain demands attention less urgently; may not be characterized by visible signs; ad is ften accompanied by emotional stress, increased irritability, depression, social withdrawal, financial distress, loss of libido, disturbed sleep patterns, diminishd appetite, weight loss, an decreased ability to perform usual activities of daily living? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____types of pain may be caused by injury, trama, spasm, diease processes ad treatment or diagnostic procedures that damage body tissues; s often described as sharp or cutting; is usually proportional in intensity to the amt of tissue damge; nd seves as warning system by damanding the sufferer's attention and compelling behavior to withdraw from or avoid the pain proucing stimulus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A pt. is admitted to the emergency dept for an opioid overdose. What would you expect he dr. to order to reverse the actionof an opioid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mr. Smith age 80 comes to ER dept. with a fractured ankle and multiple abrasions and contusions. He is admited to the hospital with an order for oxycodone for pain. Oxycodonemay be prescribedfor a geriatric pt. because the drug has____? |
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Definition
| a short half life and is less likely to accumulate causing toxicity or overdose. |
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Term
| A 4 yr old admitted to hospital for broken tibia and parents are worried he may not be able to describe his pain. You state to parents? |
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Definition
| Your child may behave aggressively or complain verbally of discomfort. |
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Term
| A 32 yrs old woman in active labor and delivery asks or opioid analgesics. You respond? |
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Definition
| Opioids administered during labor & delivery may depress fetal and neonatal respiration. |
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Term
| ____ is an antihypertensivedrug that may be used to treat opioid withdrawal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the Antiseizure drugs? |
|
Definition
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Gabapentin (Neurotin)
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Levetiracetam (Keppa) |
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Term
| Name the Anti-gout drugs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the Antipsychotic drugs? |
|
Definition
Phenothiazine
Chlorpromazine (P) (Thorzaine)
Nonphenothiazine
Haloperiodol (Haldol)
Clozapine (P) (Clozaril) |
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Term
| Name the Antiparkinsons drugs? |
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Definition
Lovodopa (P)
Benztropine (Cogentin) |
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Term
| Aspirin(ASA), NSAIDs(P), and acetaminophen(tylenol) can also be called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ sensitize pain receptors an increase the pain associated with other chemical mediators of inflammation an immunity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Body temperature (fever) is controlled by a regulating center in the ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the normal body response to tissue damage from any source, and it may occur in any tissue or organ. It is an attempt by the body to remove the damaging agent and repair the damaged tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation may be a component of vitually any illness. Inflammatry conditions affecting organs or systems are often named by adding the suffix-____ to the nvolved organ or system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Injectable NAID often used for pain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the bursa? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonperscription drug commonly used as an aspirin substitute because it does not cause nausea, vomiting or GI bleeding |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic, painful, inflammatory disorders that affects they synovial tissue of hinge like joints, tissures round these joints, an eventually other body organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prototype of the analgesic-antipyretic-antiflammatory drugs and the most commonly used salicylate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetaminophen poisoning, max adult dose of 4mg daily from all sources. What are the symptoms of overdose? |
|
Definition
1.Anorexia, N/V, diaphoresis may occur.
2.Symptoms may subside, but tests of liver function begin to show incresed levels.
3.Jandice, Vomiting, CNS stimulatio with excitemnt and delirium occur.
4.Vascular collapse, coma, death occur. |
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Term
| Mr. Smith goes to dr. w/inflammation & edema in his left great toe, lasting several days. The dr. orders a uric acid level & diagnoses the pt. w/gout. The dr. orders oral colchicine. Explain how to take med to Mr. Smith and how long it will take for pain & swelling to subside? |
|
Definition
24-48 hours by PO
4-6 hr by IV |
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Term
| A pt. w/ the diagnoses of gout ask how long he should take his colchiine when he experiences symptoms. You respond? |
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Definition
| Take s directed when pan begins until relief is obtained or N/V and diarrhea occur. |
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Term
| The pt w/ chronic gout asks how he can reduce the uric acid levels in his body whenhe begins to self administer colchicine. You respond? |
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Definition
| Drink 2-3 quarts of fluid daily; this will decrease uric acid levelsand help prevent formation of uric acid kidney stones. |
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Term
| Ms. Smith complins of mild headache. Dr. orders 325mg, 2 tablets by mouth every 4-6 hours. She staes she usually takes ibuprfen and asks why the dr. ordered acetaminophen (tylenol)? You respond? |
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Definition
| Acetaminophen (tylenol) is often the inital drug of choice for relieving mild to moderate pain and doesn't cause N/V, or GI bleeding. |
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Term
| Mr. Smith dr. orders aspirin 81mg PO each ay as tratmen related to his recent myocardial infarction. He asks can he take acetaminophen instead, you respond? |
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Definition
| Acetaminophen isan effective aspirin substitute for pain or feverbutnot for prevention of heart attack or stroke. |
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Term
| Celia age 16, ask if she can take 2 Tylenol every 2 hrs during exams, because it helps relieve her tension headaches. You respond? |
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Definition
| Do not exceed recommended doses of acetaminophen due to risk of life threatening liver damage. |
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Term
| Mr. Adams is taking aspir 81mg by mouth each day for prevention of recurren myordial infarction. He maks a dentst appt for tooth extraction and calls dr. office and asks if he is at risk for bleeding. You respond? |
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Definition
| Yes, low doses of aspirin may increase your risk of bleeding; I will call you with your new dr. orders. |
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Term
| Mr. Smith age 80 goes to dr. office w/ complaints of fatigue and change in color of his stool. He is taking ibuprofen 400mg each night for general discomfort. The dr. orders a stool test for guaiac, which is positive results. The dr. discontinues the ibuprofen. You explain the risk of chronic use of NSAIDs is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an NSAID is given during late pregnancy to prevent premature labor, it may adversely affect the ____ of the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the followig is the most effective treatment for a febrile episode in a child aged 6-36 months? |
|
Definition
| Alternating acetaminophen & ibuprofen every 4 hours over a 3 day period. |
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Term
| Mrs. Smith asks why she must consult w/ her dr. when she uses cold products for her children. You respond? |
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Definition
| There is a risk of overdose, because acetaminophen is a very common ingredient in OTC cold, flu, fever and pain remedies. |
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Term
| A student nurse asks you why acetaminophen and NSAIDs help to reduce cancer pain. You respond? |
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Definition
| Cancer often produces chronic pain from tumor invasion of tissues or complication of treatment. These drugs prevent sensitization of peripheral pain receptors by inhibiting prostaglndin formation. |
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|
Term
| Aspirin increase the risk of bleeding and should generally be avoided for many weeks before and after surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive use of simple analgesics, analgesics containing sedaties or caffeine, trptas, opiois orergotamine are believed to play a role in triggering ____? |
|
Definition
| overuse headaches/rebound headaches |
|
|
Term
| Both categories of migraine abortive drugs (ergot alkaloids and serotonin agonits)exert powerful vasoconstrictive effects and have the potential to ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirin is not recommended for children under the age of 15 years due to the risk of _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mr. Smith dr. orders an ergot preparation for her migraine headache. You explain how to take medication, you respond? |
|
Definition
| take it at the onset of a headache and lie down in a quiet darkened room. |
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|
Term
| A pt. who self administers the meds butalbital may experience? |
|
Definition
| overuse headaches or withdrawal issues. |
|
|
Term
| Three meds that may be given to reduce serum uric acid levels and prevent joint inflammation and renal calculi are ____, ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
| allopurinol, prbenecid, sulfinpyrazon |
|
|
Term
| ____ is a product that helps restore the "shock absorbing" ability of joint structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When using fumazenil (Romazicon) asan antidote for benzodiazepine overdose, the nurse should? |
|
Definition
| oserve for re-sedation after admin of the antidote. |
|
|
Term
| When admin benzodiazepines to pts with malnutrition or liver damage, the nurse should monitor carefully for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a pt. tells you "My sister often has a sleep problem similar to mine" you should respond? |
|
Definition
| by telling her medication should not be shared. |
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|
