Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 gram negative non-enteric rods |
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Definition
| influenza, pseudomonas, legionella, other ellas |
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Term
| 7 gram negative enteric rods |
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Definition
e. coli
klebsiella
proteus
h pylori
salmonella
shigella
bacteroides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| actinomyces, bacteroides, blostridium |
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Term
| 2 microbes without cell wall |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 obligigate intracellular parasite bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| what can misuse of antibiotics cause (2) |
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Definition
| resistance and life threatning infections |
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Term
| why do microbes cause symotoms (5) |
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Definition
tissue injury: endo and exotoxins
host response; cytokines, hydrolytic enzymes, PMN |
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Term
| what are the 8 steps in antibiotic perscribing |
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Definition
perform h+p
collect specimine and send for diagnosis - if you dont know what it is already by symptoms, probablly begin treatment before the results
use epidemology to choose correct drug
tailor drug to the host immune system and diseases
move from broad/empiric to specific/narrow spectrum once etiology or microbe has been identified
monitor for reaction or treatment failure
assess risk of infection to the ocmmunity
assess opportunity for prevention in the patient and others |
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Term
| where do immunocompitent patients get microbes |
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Definition
| external enivornment (pathogenic microbes) |
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Term
| where do immunocompormised patients get microbes |
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Definition
| from their own body (endogenous flora) |
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Term
| how can bacteria be acquired |
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Definition
| contact, inhalation, common vehicle, vectors, food, water, sex |
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Term
| what do you need to collect from a patient when you suspect an infection (3), why |
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Definition
| when where and whith who, helps find best treatment |
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Term
| hospital acquired infections; what are they associated with, what is a concern, what do you do |
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Definition
associated with procedures
more likley to be resistant
know what infections are are your institution |
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Term
| what are the 5 parts to determining susceptability |
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Definition
| MIC, MBC, tolerance, bactriostatic, bacteriocidial |
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Term
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Definition
minimum inhibitory concentration
lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth after 24 hours on a specific medium |
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Term
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Definition
minimum bactericidial concentration
lowest concentration that prevents growtn on antibiotic free medium, then culture with antibiotic and re-plate on antibiotic free medium if there is no growth it is dead |
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Term
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Definition
| microbe is tolerante to the antibiotic when it needs 32x more than the MIC to be killed |
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Term
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Definition
only kills in suprapharamacological doses
inhibits microbe growth |
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Term
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Definition
have MBC 405x the MIC
kill microbes |
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Term
| what are the 5 pharamacologic factors that effect antibiotic activity |
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Definition
choose a drug that is selectivly active for the infecting organism
absorption from the site of administration
delivery to the infected region
penetration to the site of infection
maintience of adequate amounts of active drug |
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Term
| what is the point of a microbiostatic agent if it dosent kill |
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Definition
| stops growth then the immune system can kill |
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Term
| if someone is immune compormized what kind of drug do they need |
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Definition
| microbicidial, static depends on the immune system to finish the job |
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Term
| why would you use paraentral for administration |
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Definition
| life threatning infection |
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Term
| which mode of administration is preferred, why (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| when a patient is critically ill, how can you make extra sure you drug is being absorbed |
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Definition
| check plasma concentrations |
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Term
| what affects delivery of a drug to the approporate region |
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Definition
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Term
| which three infections is penetration to the site of infection critical |
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Definition
| suprelative meningitis, bacterial endocarditis, septic arthritis |
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Term
| what are 4 types of toxicity antibiotics can cause, which is the most common |
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Definition
dose related: most common
allergic reaction
toxic to altered host
toxic in pregnacy |
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Term
| what antibiotics are known for causing allergic reactions (2) |
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Definition
| penicillin, cephalosporins |
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Term
| what does it mean "toxicity due to altered host" (4) |
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Definition
action of the drug is affected by genetics, other drugs, or altered elimination
they antibiotic may alter normal flora and promote selection of anaerobic infection (C. diff) |
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Term
| why cant you use tetracyclins in pregnacy (2) |
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Definition
| tooth malformation, staining |
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Term
| why cant you use aminoglycosides in pregnacy (2) |
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Definition
| nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity |
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Term
| why cant you use quinolones in pregnacy (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| why cant you use sulfonamides in pregnacy (2) |
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Definition
displace bilirubin from albumin
produce ketones |
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Term
| why cant you use chloramphenicol in pregnacy (1) |
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Definition
| gray baby syndrome: baby cannot glucuronate the drug due to lack of transferase so it accumulates and looks gray |
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Term
| what are three symptoms of gray baby syndrome |
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Definition
| flaccidity, ashen color, cardiovascular collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| two antibiotics work n different sites and cause a greater effect when working together |
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Term
| what are 4 reasons we use antibiotics in combination |
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Definition
synergy
extent antimicrobial spectrum
prevent resistance
treat mixed inections |
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Term
| how can using more than one antibiotic reduce resistance |
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Definition
| probability of resistance spontaneously forming to two drugs is equal to the product of both probabilities alone |
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Term
| what are examples of conditions we treat with combinations of drugs to decrease resistance (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| why do you need more than one antibiotic for mixed infections (2) |
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Definition
cover aerobic and anaerobic
cover gram negative and positive
lower doses and decrease toxicity |
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Term
| what is the problem with long term antibiotic therapy |
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Definition
| increases risk for side effects |
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Term
| what are the two types of inappropirate antibiotic use |
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Definition
error of omossion: treatment needed isnt given
error of comission: treatment is given but is inawequate or inappropirate (physician error) |
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Term
| what are 5 signs of infections (5) |
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Definition
fever > 98.6 oral
increased WBC 4000-10000 cells/mm3
increased band neutrophils
pain
inflammation |
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