Term
| male and female sex hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulate an incraese in glucse levels for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affect electrolyte levels and hemostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| physiological exhaustion, hypotension, fluid shift, shock, death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| massive infusion of replacement steroids |
|
|
Term
| used for to help development of fetal lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for replacement therapy in adrenal cortical insufficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major glyucocorticoid in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindications for glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
| PUD, heart disease, HTN with heart failure, infectious diseases, psychoses, diabetes, osteoperosis, glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| short acting mineralcorticoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of cortisol and aldosterone (mostly) |
|
Definition
| primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) |
|
|
Term
| defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary area due to ACTH deficiency. |
|
Definition
| secondary adrenal insufficiency (Central adrenal insufficiency) |
|
|
Term
| reduced CO, decreased vascular tone, hypovolemia, hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| test used to dx Addison's disease |
|
Definition
| Cortrosyn Stimulation Test |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic tests for Addison's disease (2) |
|
Definition
| insulin tolerance test, metyrapone test |
|
|
Term
| treatment of Addison's disaese |
|
Definition
glucocorticoid replacement with hydrocortisone.
Mineralocorticoid replacement with fludrocortisone |
|
|
Term
| treatmetn of secondary adrenal insufficiency |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoid treatment with hydrocortisone |
|
|
Term
| what is mandatory for all pts diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency |
|
Definition
| ID bracelet, wallet card, education, injectable form of glucocorticoid kept at home for emergency use (usually dexamethasone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aldactone (spirinolactone), Inspra (eplerenone), Midamor (amiloride) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gynecomastia, antagonism of testosterone receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| black box warning for hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare and aggressive malignancy, treatment = surgical resection |
|
|
Term
| 7 P's of pheochromocytoma |
|
Definition
produces dopamine, norepi, and epi.
paroxysms - "spells".
pressure - sudden increase in BP.
Pain - abrupt throbbing HA, chest/abd pain.
Perspiration - generalized, diffuse.
Palpitations - tachycardia with panic/anxiety.
Pallor - from vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
| Evaluation of pheochromocytoma |
|
Definition
24 urine for catecholamines.
Plasma catecholamines.
Imaging (MRI, nuclear imaging, PET) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surgical resection cures the HTN.
Careful pre-op required to prevent intraoperative HTN crisis (phenoxybenzamine or prazosin 7-10 days prior) |
|
|
Term
| excess cortisol from exogenous or endogenous cuases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exogenous causes of Cushing's |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids given for other medical reasons |
|
|
Term
| endogenous causes of Cushing's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eval of Cushing's syndrome |
|
Definition
| Dexamethasone suppression test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surgical removal of an adrenal tumor.
Bilateral adrenalectomy.
Chemical adrenalectomy with mitotane.
If not a surgical candidate - combo tx with ketoconazole, metyrapone, and aminoglutethimide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hepatotoxicity - monitor LFT's |
|
|
Term
| med that causes generalised glucocorticoid resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sex steroids secreted by the gonads |
|
Definition
estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol).
progesterone (progestins)
androgens (testosterone) |
|
|
Term
| indications for estrogen and progestin |
|
Definition
| primary hypogonadism (surgical oophorectomy, genetic, etc), hormone replacement therapy, contraception (dysmenorrhea, acne) |
|
|
Term
| major adverse effects of estrogens |
|
Definition
| HTn, thromboembolism, gallbladder disease, dementia, stroke, hypercalcemia, endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| medication limited to treatment of inoperable breast and prostate cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indications for progesterone |
|
Definition
| suppress ovarian function (dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, uterine bleeding), hormone replacement therapy (given with estrogen to prevent endometrial cancer) |
|
|
Term
| synthetic progestin with improved progestational selectivity and less androgenic activity thus fewer SE |
|
Definition
| desogestrel, norgestimate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premarin, cenestin, enjuvia, menest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| climara, esclim, estrace, estraderm, estrogel, femring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HRT used in postmenopausal women with a uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HRT that can only be used if the pt had a hysterectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen and progestin effects on lipids |
|
Definition
estrogen: decrease LDL, increase HDL
progestin: increase LDL, decrease HDL |
|
|
Term
| benefit of transdermal HRT over oral |
|
Definition
| avoids first pass metabolism allowing for lower doses. |
|
|
Term
| HRT used to treat vaginal atrophy |
|
Definition
| vaginal preparations - cream or ring |
|
|
Term
| FDA recommends smalled effective dose of estrogen for replacement therapy for the shortest amount of time. Preferably < 4 years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prempro low dose, femhrt lo |
|
|
Term
| medication indicated for anovulatory infertility (including PCOS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat and prevent breast cancer in ER+ cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in osteoperosis and breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for medical abortions for pregnancy up to 49 days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anorexia, n/v, abd pain, fatigue, uterine bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypogonadism due to testicular failure, hypogonadism due to hypopituitarism, gynecologic disorders |
|
|
Term
| are androgens a controlled substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indicated for weight gain after surgery, infection, or trauma. decreased protein catabolism associated with prolonged corticosteroid use, relief of bone pain in osteoperosis, banned in atheletes to increase body mass, strength, and physical performance |
|
Definition
| fluoxymesterone & oxandrolone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hepatic dysfunction/failure, cholestatic jaundice, increased aggression/ psychotic sxs, acne, decreased testicular size, impotence.
females = masculinization, hirsutism, deepening of voice, menstrual irregularities |
|
|
Term
| androgen used to treat endometriosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med used for inoperable prostate CA (chemical castration) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| androgen synthesis inhibitor used to tx Cushing's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| androgen receptor antagonist used to treat inoperable prostate cancer and female hirsutism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5-alpha reductase inhibitor used to decrease synthesis of DHT in prostate gland, skin, and other target tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serious warning signs of hormonal contraception |
|
Definition
A - abdominal pain
C - chest pain/SOB
H - headache (throbbing)
E - eye problems (flashing lights or vision disturbances)
S - severe leg pains |
|
|
Term
| benefits of hormonal contraception |
|
Definition
| less dysmenorrhea, reduced Fe loss, cycle regulation, lower incidence of endometrial Cancer, maintenance of bone density |
|
|
Term
| can women ovulate while taking progestin only pills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs that can decrease the effectiveness of OC's |
|
Definition
anticonvulsants (barbituates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, topirimate, vigabatin).
anti-infectives (rifampin, griseofulvin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, broad spectrum antibiotics) |
|
|
Term
| when do you start OC administration? |
|
Definition
| first Sunday after menses |
|
|
Term
| when do you start the mini-pill? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should you do with a missed pill < 24 hrs? |
|
Definition
| take ASAP and continue as usual |
|
|
Term
| if during week 2&3 missed < 3 pills |
|
Definition
| take active pill ASAP, continue as usual but skip placebos and start a new pack right away. |
|
|
Term
| if during week 2-3 and > 3 pills missed |
|
Definition
| take active pill ASAP, skip placebos, start new pack, back up contraception x 7 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delayed > 3 hrs or missing > 1 pill.
unprotected intercourse in 5 days = EC, continue pills next day, back up contraception x 48 hrs.
No unprotected intercourse = take 1 pill ASAP, continue 1 pill daily, back up contraception x 48 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plan B effective within 72 hrs, redose if pt vomits in the first 2 hrs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone |
|
|
Term
| used for tx of ER+ breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OCP that can be prescribed to breast feeding mothers |
|
Definition
| mini-pill (progesterone only) |
|
|
Term
| when does emergency contaception require an RX? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does EC cause shedding of the uterine lining? |
|
Definition
| no, doesn't cause expulsion of an implanted embryo, it is not the abortion pill. |
|
|
Term
| types of low molecular weight heparin |
|
Definition
| enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin |
|
|
Term
| does heparin require monitoring? |
|
Definition
| yes, close monitoring of the activated partial thromboplastin time is required. |
|
|
Term
| does LMWH require monitoring? |
|
Definition
| no unless states of obesity, pregnancy or renal insufficiency are present |
|
|
Term
| what is a major SE risk with heparin? how should this be treated? |
|
Definition
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
if occurs, discontinue heparin and switch pt to a direct thrombin inhibitor or fondaparinux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stop heparin, and for every 100 units give 1mg IV protamine sulfate |
|
|
Term
| contraindications for heparin use |
|
Definition
| hx of HIT, hypersenitivity to the drug, active bleeding, significant thrombocytopenia, severe HTN, GI ulcers, advanced renal/hepatic disease |
|
|
Term
| parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors (FDA approved for use in PCI) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IV direct thrombin inhibitors |
|
Definition
| argatroban and melagatran |
|
|
Term
| DTI FDA approved for use in HIT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recombinant form of hirudin and FDA approved for use with thrombosis related to HIT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug initially used as rat poison, pregnancy category X |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what foods should be very stable in consumption while taking warfarin? |
|
Definition
| foods containing vitamin K: green leafy veggies, broccoli, salads, spinach, etc/ |
|
|
Term
| drugs that interact with warfarin |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, amiodarone, antifungals, cimetedine, aspirin, cholestyramine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discontinue warfarin, may administer vitamin K (oral or IV) |
|
|
Term
| combines with plasminogen to prevent conversion to plasmin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recombinant human t-PA, activates plasminogen that is bound to fibrin, which confines fibrinolytics to formed thrombus and avoids systemic activation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recombinant human t-PA, less fibrin specfic than t-PA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mutant form of t-PA, longer half life, given as an IV bolus, slightly more fibrin specific than t-PA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do fibrinolytics have the most benefit? |
|
Definition
| when given within 6 hours of symptom onset |
|
|
Term
| AE of ASA at antithrombotic doses |
|
Definition
| gastric upset, gastric/duodenal ulcers, hemorrhage, bronchospasm |
|
|
Term
| medication used for primary and secondary prevention of MI and vascular events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tyienopyridine derivatives (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medications used in pts undergoing placement of a coronary stent |
|
Definition
| thienopuridine derivatives |
|
|
Term
| glycoprotein IIa/IIIb inhibitors |
|
Definition
| abciximab, eptifibatide, dipyridamole |
|
|
Term
| when are glycoprotein IIa/IIIb inhibitors used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leading cause of death for men and women in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the Framingham risk take into account? when is it done? |
|
Definition
age, sex, SBP, total cholesterol, HDL, smoking.
done when a pt has 2+ standard atherosclerotic risk factors |
|
|
Term
| standard atherosclerotic risk factors (5) |
|
Definition
| smoking, HTN (or HTN med), low HDL (<40), FHx premature CHD (male <55, female <65), age (male >45, female >55) |
|
|
Term
| what is the LDL goal in secondary dyslipidemia prevention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| med that is effective at lowering LDL, decreasing oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lovastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin |
|
|
Term
| hormone found in the hypothalamus, CNS, pancreas, and GI tract. Inhibits the release of GH, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone that is 45 times more potent at inhibiting GH release, and twice as potent at reducing insulin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medications used to reduce the sxs of acromegaly, gastrinoma, nesidioblastoma, carcinoid syndrome, glucagonoma, diabetic diarrhea |
|
Definition
| growth hormone antagonists - somatostatin and octreotide |
|
|
Term
| hormone specifically useful in the tx of acromegaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most effective agents at decreasing triglycerides |
|
Definition
| fibrates (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) |
|
|
Term
| SE of bile acid sequestrants (2) |
|
Definition
| may increase triglycerides, may decrease blood glucose in pts with diabetes |
|
|
Term
| medication that can decrease triglycerides, and has anti-inflammatory effects, anti-arrhythmic effects, and prevents abnormal clotting |
|
Definition
| fish oil (omega 3 fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of zetia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated liver function tests, muscle pain/weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flushing, nausea, abdominal discomfort, elevated LFT's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rash, GI symptoms, gallstones, myopathy, arrythmias, hypokalemia, eleveated LFT's |
|
|
Term
| AE of bile acid sequesterants |
|
Definition
| constipation, bloating, excess flatulence, may interfere with drug absorption (take 1 hr before or 2 hrs after BAS). |
|
|
Term
| bile acid sequesterants drug interactions |
|
Definition
| warfarin, synthroid, digoxin, thiazides, NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
| contraindication for statins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindicatino for niacin: absolute (2), relative (3) |
|
Definition
absolute: chronic liver disease, severe gout.
relative: diabetes, hyperuricemia, PUD |
|
|
Term
| contraindication to fibrates |
|
Definition
| renal or hepatic dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| most often 1st drug initiated for dyslipidemia |
|
Definition
| statin (take at night because cholesterol synthesis occurs primarily at night) |
|
|
Term
| most effective drug at lowering LDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| statin with the least drug interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most effective agent at raising HDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use caution with niacin in these 2 pts |
|
Definition
| diabetics and pts with gout |
|
|
Term
| dyslipidemia med that must be taken with meals 2-3 times/day, often used in combo with statins, has a ceiling effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dyslipidemia med that is a good option for pregnant women or pts with renal/hepatic impairment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most commonly used medication for mild-moderate pain when anti-inflammatory effects are not necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| max daily does of acetaminophen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for acetaminophen overdose |
|
Definition
| supportive care and acetylcysteine |
|
|
Term
| medication that offers symptomatic relief by reducing the inflammation and pain associated with RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medication that slows the progression of RA by modifying the disease itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do DMARDs take to show effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunosuppressant that slows the erosion within involved joints. |
|
|
Term
| what diseases is methotrexate useful in? |
|
Definition
| RA, psoriasis, SLE, and other immune-mediated diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucosal ulceration, nausea, decreased WBC's, elevated LFTs |
|
|
Term
| how can you decrease the incidence of GI or liver fucntion test abnormalities associated with methotrexate? |
|
Definition
| giving leucovorin 24 hrs after each weekly dose and taking daily folic acid. |
|
|
Term
| first line treatment for gout |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medication that relieves pain and inflammation of gouty arthritis in 12-24 hours without altering metabolism or excretion of urates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you give colchicine via IV? |
|
Definition
| not recommended due to potential life-threatening adverse events |
|
|
Term
| preferred medication and the standard of care for gout in the intercritical period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should be initiated along with allopurinol for how long? |
|
Definition
| colchicine, until steady state serum urica acid is normalized or decreased to < 6mg/dl to prevent gouty attacks. |
|
|
Term
| first new drug approved for gout in over 40 years. used in overproduction or undersecretion. Use colchicine or allopurinol when starting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medications used to decrease urate in pts with tophaceous gout |
|
Definition
| probenecid, sulfinpurazone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in the tx of severe symptomatic gout by intra-articular, systemic, or subcutaneous routes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoid used in the tx of severe gout, that is given by intra-articular injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anterior pituitary hormones |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, prolactin |
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates FSH and LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones are regulated by a negative feedback system? (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibits GH production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all pituitary and hypothalamic hormones are commercially available, but not often used. These are used instead |
|
Definition
| target endocrine gland hormones, or synthetic analogs |
|
|
Term
| treatment of male infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to produce gonadal suppression in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of uterine leiomyomata (uterine fibroids) |
|
Definition
| GnRH for 3-6 months to reduce size. |
|
|
Term
| treatment of prostate cancer |
|
Definition
anti-androgen therapy.
continuous GnRH in combination with an androgen receptor antagonist (flutamide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary sex characteristics < 8 years old (girls) or 9 years old (boys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindication to GnRH agonists |
|
Definition
| pregnancy and breast feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| principal hormone responsible for lacatation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperprolactinemia produces (3) |
|
Definition
syndrome of amenorrhea and galactorrhea in women.
loss of libido and infertility in men.
associated with inhibition of GnRH release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide ergot derivatives |
|
|
Term
| treatment for hyperprolactinemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates the relase of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that augment uterine contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to decrease postpartum bleeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides information about placental circulatory reserve? |
|
Definition
| oxytocin challenge test that measures fetal heart rate response to standardized oxytocin infusion. |
|
|
Term
| oxytocin toxicity causes (3) |
|
Definition
| excessive uterine contraction, placental abruption, or uterine rupture |
|
|
Term
| bolus IV oxytocin can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindications for oxytocin |
|
Definition
| fetal distress, prematurity, abnormal fetal presentation, caphalopelvic disproportion, other dispositions for uterine rupture. |
|
|
Term
| released in response to rising plasma tonicity or falling blood pressure, deficiency results in DI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| route of administration for vasopressin vs. DDAVP |
|
Definition
vasopressin = IV or IM
DDAVP = IV, SubQ, intranasal, oral |
|
|
Term
| used to treat noctural enuresis, Hemophilia A, and Von Willebrand's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to treat esophageal varices and colonic diverticular bleeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SE of vasopressin and DDAVP |
|
Definition
| hyponatremia and seizures |
|
|
Term
| off label use for vasopressin antagonists |
|
Definition
| hyponatremia or acute heart failure |
|
|
Term
| FDA approved medication for hyponatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normalize growth and development, regulate body temperature, regulate energy levels. |
|
|
Term
| medication preferred during pregnancy for hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC form of hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methimazole or PTU until remission (12-18 months) |
|
|
Term
| treatment of choice for Graves with a very large gland or multinodular goiter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of goiter that often occurs in older women with nodular goiters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sudden acute exacerbation of sxs of thyrotoxicosis presenting as a life-threatening syndrome |
|
Definition
| thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| propranalol contraindications for use in thyroid storm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of thyroid storm in asthmatics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you protect against shock in thyroid storm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| greatest concern of subclinical hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
| cardiac toxicity (atrial fibrillation) |
|
|
Term
| MCC of hyperthyroidism with nontoxic goiter |
|
Definition
worldwide = iodine deficiency
US = Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the rapid acting insulins? |
|
Definition
| lispro, aspart, glulisine |
|
|
Term
| only type of insulin that should be given IV, useful in DKA |
|
Definition
| short-acting insulin (Regular insulin, humulin R, novolin R) |
|
|
Term
| intermediate acting insulin |
|
Definition
| NPH insulin: humulin N, novolin N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lantus (DON'T mix with other insulins) |
|
|
Term
| what insulins can be mixed, when? |
|
Definition
| NPH (intermediate) and rapid-acting can be mixed immediately before injection |
|
|
Term
| contraindication for sulfonylureas |
|
Definition
| DKA, pregnancy, sulfa allergy |
|
|
Term
| precuations with sulfonylureas |
|
Definition
| renal/hepatic insufficiency, disulfiram-like reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia, weight gain, N/D, photosensativity reaction |
|
|
Term
| first line therapy for DM2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindications to bigaunides |
|
Definition
| renal impairment, hepatic dysfunction, iodinated constrast dye, GI intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, diarrea, nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medication used to decrease post-prandial glucose and reduce appetite. Suppresses glucagon release and delays gatric emptying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate flux across cell membranes in bone and kidney, resulting in increased serum calcium and decreased serum phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the active form of vitamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most potent vitamin D metabolite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acts on the bone and kidney to lower serum calcium and phosphate levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| raises serum calcium, reduces serum potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduces serum calcium, reduces serum phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| raises serum calcium, raises serum phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saline diuresis, calcitonin, gallium nitrate (in cancer pts), phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| administration of calcium and vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| preferred IV form of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preferred oral form of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preferred oral form of vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction of dietary phosphate, and admistratino of a phosphate-binding agent (sevelamer). |
|
|
Term
| tx of primary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what level of vitamin D is required to prevent Rickets or osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| daily maintenance dose of Vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic kidney disease leads to |
|
Definition
| loss of 1,25(OH)D2 production, retention of phosphate, and secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| tx for secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| doxercalciferol, paricalcitol |
|
|
Term
| tx for Paget's disease of the bone |
|
Definition
| calcitonin or bisphosphonates |
|
|
Term
| most common bone disease in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of osteoperosis (T score) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indications for BMD testing |
|
Definition
women > 65, men > 70
younger postmenopausal women with risk factors (50-69 yo) |
|
|
Term
| candidates for drug tx for osteoperosis |
|
Definition
| men or women > 50 with a hip/vertebral fx, T score < -2.5 at femoral neck or spine, low bone mass and a 10 yr probablity of hip fx |
|
|
Term
| indication for bisphosphonates |
|
Definition
prevention and treatment of osteoperosis
osteoperosis in men
Paget's disease
tx and prevention of glucocorticoid induced osteoperosis |
|
|
Term
| long term tx with bisphosphonates may increase the risk of |
|
Definition
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