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| admitting that the opposing argument is valid, but re-asserting or proving the superiority of your argument. |
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| Proving that the opposing argument is invalid. |
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| a logical argument in which a conclusion is drawn from to proven facts,or premises. |
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| asl called “circular reasoning” or “circular logic”, the claim is simply restated over and over as proof of itself. |
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| providing irrelevant, misleading support that diverts attentions from the real issue of the argument. |
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| a conclusion that is not supported by the evidence and arguments presented. |
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| attributing an argument to your opponent that he or she never made and then strongly refuting the false argument. |
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| disproportionately representing only one side of an argument. |
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| also called “false dilemma”, is an over-simplified argument to a complex issue that forces an unreasonable yes or no response from the reader. |
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| to present a cause/effect argument with a false cause. |
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| an error in inductive reasoning where a conclusion is based on unrepresentative examples. |
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| personal attacked against another person rather than focusing the argument on the ideas that person is advancing. |
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| suggesting that the character of one's associates is indicative of that person's character. |
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| using authority instead of evidence |
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| using authority to persuade rather than evidence |
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| the basic form of this argument is “everyone else is doing it, henceforth you should too”. |
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| the suggestion that if one event is allowed, then a number of other events will be allowed leading to disaster. |
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| creating a false need, or exaggerating an existing need for the audience and then claiming to fulfill it (most advertisers use this tactic) |
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