Term
| Components of the periodontium that can be identified radiographically |
|
Definition
| include the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament space, lamina dura, and cementum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maxilla—The bone is a thin shell.
Mandible—The bone is dense; appears as a thick white border.
Interdentally as a thin white line
Lattice-like filling interior p |
|
|
Term
| Crest of the Alveolar Bone |
|
Definition
| If the coronal bone level is within 3 mm of the CEJ, it is considered normal.The normal level is about 2 mm apical to the CEJ.It is difficult to detect bone loss on radiograph if the bone loss is less than 3 mm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin layer of dense bone that lines a normal tooth socket
Appears as a continuous white line around the tooth root
Radiographically, it is continuous with |
|
|
Term
| Periodontal Ligament Space |
|
Definition
Functions as an attachment of the tooth to the lamina dura of the socket
Appears as a thin radiolucent line surrounding the tooth root
A widening of PDL space on radiograph indicates |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of using radiographs in a periodontal examination? |
|
Definition
Tooth root morphology Relationship of the maxillary sinus to the periodontal deBony changes caused by diseaseformity
Widening of the PDL space
Advanced furcation involvement |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic Signs of Periodontal Disease |
|
Definition
Early bony changes
Horizontal bone loss,Vertical bone loss,Bone defects
Furcation involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widening of the PDL space caused by bone resorption on either the mesial or the distal of the interdental crestal bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger-like radiolucent projections extending from the crestal bone into the interdental alveolar bone,Represent a reduction of mineralized tissue adjacent to blood vessel channels in the alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
| Assessment of Furcation Involvemen |
|
Definition
Is not seen on the radiograph until the bone resorption extends past the furcation area
Easier to see on mandibular than maxillary
Maxillary palatal root appears superimposed over furcation of the tooth.
Furcation involvement often is greater than it appears on the radiograph |
|
|
Term
| Recognizing Other Local Risk Factors |
|
Definition
Faulty restorations
Calculus deposits
Trauma from occlusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the health & disease within the total population rather than an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study periodontal disease to determine its occurrence in the population & to identify risk factors for periodontal disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the number of all cases both old & new of a disease that can be identified within a specified population at a given point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of new disease cases in a population that occur over a given period of time - only new cases |
|
|
Term
| variables associated with the prevalence of disease |
|
Definition
| gender, education, age, access to dental care |
|
|
Term
| community & periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) |
|
Definition
| assesses probing depths & bleeding; developed to attain more uniform worldwide epidemiologic data; maybe used for measuring group periodontal needs |
|
|
Term
| Eastman interdental bleeding index (EIBI) |
|
Definition
| assess presence of inflammation & bleeding in the interdental area upon toothpick insertion |
|
|
Term
| gingival bleeding index (GBI) |
|
Definition
| assess presence of gingival inflammation by bleeding from interproximal sulcus wihtin 10 seconds of flossing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assesses severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency, & bleeding on probing |
|
|
Term
| periodontal screening & recording (PSR) |
|
Definition
| assesses periodontal health in a rapid manner including probing depths, bleeding & presence of hard deposits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft tissue color, tissue swelling, loss of periodontal ligaments, loss of alveolar bone, bleeding upon probing, spontaneous bleeding, probing depths |
|
|
Term
| three main bacteria for perio |
|
Definition
aggergatibacter actinomtcetemcomitans
tannerella forsythia
porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
|
Term
| how many bacteria with gingivitis |
|
Definition
| 1,000-100,000 gram-negative 40% |
|
|
Term
| how many bacteria in perio |
|
Definition
| 100,000-100,000,000 74% gram-neg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached,free,interdental,gingival sulcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bac capable of causing harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double cell membranes
belived to play an imporant role in inflammatory perio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can not live in the presents of O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can exist with or without O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more then 99% of all bac on earth are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a living film,well organized,organism and debris,anywere in nature,have a major onhuman life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shield protecting the bac from antibiotices,antimicrobials, and the body immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is cementun to enamale over lap
meet
gap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE to periodontal pathogens? |
|
Definition
| The way that the body responds to periodontal pathogens is known as the |
|
|
Term
| what is the prime prurpose of the human immune system? |
|
Definition
| The prime purpose of the human immune system is to defend the life of the individual (host) |
|
|
Term
| The body’s defenses are employed |
|
Definition
to save the life of the host,
NOT to preserve the tooth or its supporting periodontal tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are biologically active compounds secreted by the immune cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory mediators of importance in periodontal disease are: |
|
Definition
Prostaglandins Cytokine
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Influence the behavior of other cells
Powerful mediators produced by immune cells
Signal to the immune system to send more phagocytes to site of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recruit cells (PMNs and macrophages) to infection site
Increase vascular permeability that increases movement of immune cells into the tissues
Can initiate tissue destruction and bone loss in chronic infections, such as periodontal disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Powerful inflammatory mediators
Series of prostaglandins—D, E, F, G, H, I
Most cells can produce prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| funtions of the prostaglandins |
|
Definition
Increase permeability and dilatation of blood vessels to promote increased movement of immune cells and complement to the infection site
Trigger osteoclasts—bone-consuming cells—to destroy the alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Prostaglandins (cont.) |
|
Definition
Promote the overproduction of destructive MMP enzymes
Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) initiate most of the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. |
|
|
Term
| Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
|
Definition
Produced by various cells of the body—PMNs, macrophagFamily of at least 12 different enzymeses, fibroblasts, JE cells
Enzymes act together to breakdown connective tissue matrix
Doxycycline- inhibit MMP-Periostat |
|
|
Term
| Function of MMPs in Health |
|
Definition
| In health, MMPs facilitate normal turnover of the periodontal connective tissue matrix. |
|
|
Term
| MMPs—Chronic Bacterial Infection |
|
Definition
MMPs are released in an attempt to kill invading bacteria.
Overproduction of MMPs results in breakdown of connective tissue of the periodontium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In periodontal disease, the immune system fights to defend the body from periodontal pathogens, NOT to preserve the periodontium or teeth.
It is the body’s response to the periodontal pathogens that is the cause of nearly all the destruction seen in periodontitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —recruit PMNs and macrophages to the infection site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —increase vascular permeability allowing immune cells and complement to move to the infection site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —facilitate normal turnover of the connective tissue matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —initiate tissue destruction and bone loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —alveolar bone destruction |
|
|
Term
| Does a bacterial infection of the periodontium always result in periodontitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the immune system play in tissue destruction? |
|
Definition
| causes tissue destruction in an attempt to stop bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Intensity of immune response to periodontal pathogens varies considerably from one individual to another.T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Local immune response can vary in intensity from site to site within a patient’s mouth.T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some people with abundant bacterial plaque exhibit only mild disease T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Others with light bacterial plaque suffer severe disease. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Untreated gingivitis does not always lead to periodontitis. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| will Everyone infected with pathogens get periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pathogenic bacteria infect the periodontium.
The body responds by mobilizing defensive cells.
Cells release a series of chemicals to fight bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Complex interactions between periodontal pathogens and host response determine ?. |
|
Definition
| the onset and severity of periodontal disease. |
|
|
Term
| Early bacterial accumulation phase |
|
Definition
Early gingivitis—plaque overgrowth phase
Established gingivitis—subgingival plaque phase
Periodontitis—tissue destruction phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —subgingival plaque phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s—tissue destruction phase |
|
|
Term
| Early Bacterial Accumulation Phase |
|
Definition
Bacteria colonize the tooth near the gingival margin.
Bacteria initiate host response.
PMNs pass from bloodstream into the gingival connective tissue.
PMNs release cytokines that destroy gingival connective tissue, allowing PMNs to move quickly through the tissue.
PMNs migrate into the sulcus and phagocytize bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Early Gingivitis—Plaque Overgrowth Phase |
|
Definition
Bacteria penetrate into the connective tissue.
More PMNs are attracted to the site; they release more cytokines causing more localized destruction of the connective tissue.
Macrophages are recruited to the connective tissue. They release cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs. |
|
|
Term
| Established Gingivitis—Subgingival Plaque Phase |
|
Definition
Plaque biofilm extends subgingivally and disrupts the attachment of the coronal-most portion of the JE.
Macrophages and lymphocytes are most numerous in the connective tissue; PMNs continue to fight bacteria in the sulcus.
Host cells produce more toxic chemicals—cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs. |
|
|
Term
| Periodontitis—Tissue Destruction Phase |
|
Definition
Plaque biofilm grows along the root surface.
The immune response becomes chronic; intense inflammation begins to harm the periodontium.
Cytokines destroy the connective tissue and PDL fibers.
Cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs destroy the connective tissue and bone.
PGE2 initiates bone |
|
|
Term
Mechanisms of
Alveolar Bone Destruction |
|
Definition
Macrophages produce cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs.
These mediators stimulate fibroblasts to secrete PGE2 and MMP.
Mediators from the macrophages and fibroblasts result in destruction of the connective tissue.
PGE2 stimulates osteoclasts to resorb the crest of the alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a bacterial infection of the periodontium. |
|
|
Term
| The presence of bacteria, ? |
|
Definition
| , however, does not necessarily mean that an individual will experience periodontitis. |
|
|
Term
| the bodys defense mechanism is |
|
Definition
| referred to as the host defense. |
|
|
Term
| For the periodontium to remain healthy, |
|
Definition
| the bacterial infection must be controlled so as not to trigger a chronic, exaggerated host immune response |
|
|
Term
| The body’s immune response to the bacteria causes |
|
Definition
| most of the tissue destruction in the periodontal tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the gingival tissues in health? |
|
Definition
| Healthy tissue is free of inflammation and has not been altered by disease or trauma |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the gingival tissues in gingivitis? |
|
Definition
Plaque biofilm at the gingival margin stimulates the host immune response.
Inflammatory response to bacteria results in clinical changes.
Changes involve free and attached gingiva and papilla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —short duration; resolves upon professional and good self-care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —may exist for years without ever progressing to periodontitis; resolves upon professional and good self-care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —increased blood flow causes tissue to appear bright red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —tissue appears bluish red or purplish red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased tissue fluid enlarges marginal and interproximal gingival tissue.
Can be localized to a few areas or involve the whole mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can play a role in gingivitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes the gingival tissues to bleed easil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(A) results in ulceration of the pocket wall
(B) is an important indicator of inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —confined to tissue of a single tooth or group of teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —occurring in all or most of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —Inflammation is confined to the papilla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —Inflammation is confined to the gingival margin and papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| —Inflammation is throughout the gingival margin, papilla, and attached gingiva; extending to the mucogingival junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a uniform pink color, with tapered margins, pointed papilla, and a firm consistency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| , the gingiva is red to purplish red, with rolled margins, altered papillae, and a spongy consistency |
|
|
Term
| Healthy tissue does not bleed T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics Common to ALL Gingival Diseases |
|
Definition
No attachment loss associated with the inflammation
Signs of inflammation confined to the gingiva
Initiated by plaque biofilm
Inflammation reversible with plaque removal
May progress to periodontitis if left untreated |
|
|
Term
| Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases |
|
Definition
| periodontal diseases involving inflammation of the gingiva in response to dental plaque |
|
|
Term
| Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases |
|
Definition
Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases
Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Periodontium with NO Attachment Loss
Reduced but Stable Periodontium
Gingival Diseases
with Modifying Factors
Plaque-Associated Gingival Diseases
Modified by Medications
Gingival Diseases Modified by
Systemic Factors |
|
|
Term
| What are the non–plaque-induced lesions? |
|
Definition
| Gingival Diseases of Specific Bacterial Origin |
|
|
Term
| Gingivitis on a Reduced but Stable Periodontium |
|
Definition
This type occurs in patients who have been successfully treated for PERIODONTITS.
At a later date, after successful treatment of the periodontitis, the patient develops gingivitis.
At this later date when the GINGIVITIS occurs, periodontitis is NOT present |
|
|
Term
| Gingivitis on Reduced but Stable Periodontium (cont.) |
|
Definition
Pre-existing bone loss from previous history of periodontitis
Plaque at the gingival margin
All other signs of plaque-induced |
|
|
Term
| Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Periodontium with NO Attachment Loss |
|
Definition
Most common form
Plaque at gingival margin
Redness, tenderness
Swollen margins
Bleeding upon probing
Damage reversible with good patient |
|
|
Term
| Gingivitis Associated with Dental Plaque Only (cont.) |
|
Definition
or character of the bone.No attachment loss in the gingivitis
Radiographs reveal no changes in the height of bone |
|
|
Term
| Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Reduced but Stable Periodontium |
|
Definition
This type occurs in patients who have been successfully treated for PERIODONTITS.
At a later date, after successful treatment of the periodontitis, the patient develops gingivitis.
At this later date when the GINGIVITIS occurs, periodontitis is NOT present. |
|
|
Term
| Three main categories of gingival diseases with modifying factors are: |
|
Definition
Systemic factors
Medications
Malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors |
|
Definition
| n this form of gingival disease, plaque initiates the disease and then specific systemic factors found in the host modify the disease process. |
|
|
Term
| The signs of inflammation seem exaggerated in relation to the amount of plaque present in this 12-year-old female patient |
|
Definition
| Example—Puberty-Associated Gingivitis |
|
|
Term
| Example—Pregnancy-Associated Gingivitis |
|
Definition
| An exaggerated inflammatory response; usually occurring during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Example—Pregnancy-Associated Pyogenic Granuloma (“Pregnancy Tumor”) |
|
Definition
| A localized mushroom-shaped gingival mass projecting from the gingival margin or gingival papilla during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Pyogenic Granuloma (“Pregnancy Tumor” |
|
Definition
It is a mushroom-like growth.
It is more common in the maxilla and in gingival papillae.
Growths are not cancerous.
Growths are usually not painful.
There is an exaggerated response to an irritation.
Growth bleeds easily if disturbed.
Growth usually regresses after giving birth. |
|
|
Term
| Drug-influenced gingivitis |
|
Definition
| —an exaggerated inflammatory response to dental plaque and a systemic medication |
|
|
Term
| Drug-influenced gingival enlargement— |
|
Definition
| —an increase in size of the gingiva resulting from systemic medications |
|
|
Term
| will Plaque accumulation initiation of gingival enlargement? |
|
Definition
| no, but it will exacerbate the gingival disease |
|
|
Term
Meticulous plaque control can reduce but will not eliminate gingival overgrowth.
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Onset within 3 months of taking medication
Higher prevalence in children
Gingiva on anterior sextants most commonly affectedExaggerated response to plaque
Enlargement first observed at the interdental papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Good daily self-care control limits the severity of gingival overgrowth |
|
|
Term
| who are At risk for vitamin deficiencies: |
|
Definition
Infants
Institutionalized elderly
Alcoholics |
|
|
Term
| Ascorbic Acid-Deficiency Gingivitis |
|
Definition
| An inflammatory response to dental plaque aggravated by chronically low ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels |
|
|
Term
| Ascorbic Acid-Deficiency Gingivitis (cont.) |
|
Definition
Bright red
Swollen
Ulcerated
bleeds easly |
|
|
Term
| Gingival Diseases of Specific Bacterial Origin are ? |
|
Definition
characterized by a bacterial infection of the gingiva by a specific bacterium that is not a common component of the bacterial plaque biofilm
Infection by a bacterium that is not usually considered to be a periodontal pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Atypical Mycobacterial Infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary Herpetic
Gingivostomatitis
(PHG) |
|
Definition
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis—the initial oral infection with the herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1)
Characterized by redness and multiple vesicles (tiny fluid-filled blisters) that easily rupture to form painful ulcers
Usually affects infants and young children but may affect young adults |
|
|
Term
| Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.) |
|
Definition
In some individuals, the initial infection presents with intensely painful gingivitis and vesicles that rupture to form painful ulcers.
Once infected, most people develop immunity to the virus.
In some individuals, the HSV-1 can remain latent and be responsible to recurrent oral herpetic lesions (cold sores). |
|
|
Term
| Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.) |
|
Definition
red marginal gingivaFiery
Swollen papillae that bleed easily
Painful
Yellowish ulcers surrounded by red halo
Fever
Dehydration is a concern. |
|
|
Term
| Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.)how can spread |
|
Definition
Infection is contagious during the vesicular stage!
Infection can be spread to eyes by touching the mouth and then eyes.
Infection can be spread to others by kissing. |
|
|
Term
| Linear Gingival Erythema? |
|
Definition
Characterized by inflammation that is exaggerated for the amount of plaque present
A gingival manifestation of immunosuppression
Does not respond well to improved oral self-care or professional therapy |
|
|
Term
| Linear Gingival Erythema (cont.)Characterized by |
|
Definition
a distinct red band that is limited to the free gingiva
Often associated with HIV infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease of the skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| Lichen Planus Characterized |
|
Definition
| Characterized by an itchy, swollen rash on the skin or in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Lichen Planus Exact cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be an allergic or immune reaction |
|
|
Term
| Oral Lichen Planus looks like |
|
Definition
Intense redness of the gingiva
Ulcerations
Interlacing white lines may be present.
Raised white lesions may be present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorder of the skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| Erythema Multiforme May be due to |
|
Definition
| May be due to allergic reaction or infection |
|
|
Term
| Erythema Multiforme looks like |
|
Definition
Large red blotches, resembling targets, appear all over the skin.
Blisters and ulcers occur on the oral mucous membranes. |
|
|
Term
| Erythema Multiforme (cont.)lookes like |
|
Definition
| Ulcerations of the gingivaCrust formation on the lower lip |
|
|
Term
| Allergic Reactions of the Gingiva can happen how |
|
Definition
Can occur to ingredients in toothpastes, mouthwashes, or chewing gum
Usually a result of a flavor additive or a preservative in the product
Cinnamon and carvone are two flavor additives known to cause allergic reactions of the gingiva. |
|
|
Term
| Allergic Reaction to Toothpaste |
|
Definition
Reaction to additive in toothpaste
Most common in those with history of other allergies
Tissue sloughing of mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Gingival diseases are the: |
|
Definition
Most common form of periodontal disease
Mildest form of periodontal disease |
|
|
Term
| The two major subdivisions of gingival diseases are: |
|
Definition
Dental plaque–induced gingival diseases
Non–plaque-induced gingival diseases |
|
|
Term
| The objective of supragingival irrigation is to? |
|
Definition
| diminish gingival inflammation by disrupting biofilms coronal to the gingival margin. |
|
|
Term
| The goal of subgingival irrigation is? |
|
Definition
| to reduce the number of bacteria in the periodontal pocket space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Device that delivers pulsed irrigation of water or other solution supragingivally and subgingivally
Also known as dental water irrigator, home irrigator, water flosser |
|
|
Term
| Dental Water Jet—Mechanism of Action are? |
|
Definition
Delivers a pulsating fluid that incorporates a compression and decompression phase
This creates two zones of fluid movement called hydrokinetic activity. |
|
|
Term
| This creates two zones of fluid movement called ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delivers a pulsating fluid that incorporates a ? |
|
Definition
| compression and decompression phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial fluid contact with an area of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth of fluid penetration within a subgingival sulcus or periodontal pocket |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| II – HIGH abuse potential, no refills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MOD abuse potential, 5 refills in 6 month period |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Home Irrigation? |
|
Definition
Biofilm removal
Bleeding reduction
Gingival inflammation reduction
Periodontal pathogens reduction
Reduction in inflammatory and destructive host |
|
|
Term
| Indications for Recommendation? |
|
Definition
Individuals on periodontal maintenance
Individuals who are noncompliant with dental floss
Individuals with special needs
Individuals with dental implants
Individuals with diabetes
Individuals with orthodontic appliances
Individuals with prosthetic bridgework and crowns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incidence of bacteria is similar to other oral healthcare devices.
Before recommending a water jet to a patient who is at high risk for infective endocarditis, dental healthcare providers should consider both the patient’s overall medical and oral health status.
Consultation with a physician is advisable for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water
Antimicrobial solutions
Chlorhexidine
Essential oils
Other solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple tap water has been shown to be highly effective as an irrigant in numerous studies.
Water has advantages as an irrigant.
Readily available
Cost-effective
No side effects |
|
|
Term
| Chlorhexidine (CHX) as an Irrigant? |
|
Definition
CHX should be diluted with water for home use.
It is available by prescription only.
In the United States, the maximum strength is 0.12 percent. |
|
|
Term
| Essential Oils as Irrigants? |
|
Definition
Only effective when used at full strength
Available over-the-counte |
|
|
Term
| Standard Irrigation Tip?T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Standard Irrigation Tip made of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subgingival Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
| Has a soft rubber-tipped end |
|
|
Term
| Subgingival Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
| Has a soft rubber-tipped end |
|
|
Term
| Orthodontic Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
| Have a soft tapered brush that facilitates biofilm removal around ortho. appliances |
|
|
Term
| Placement of the Standard Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
Place the tip at a 90-degree angle at the neck of the tooth
Use the water spray to trace along the gingival margin |
|
|
Term
| Placement of the Subgingival Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
Adjust water pressure to lowest setting
Slide rubber tip gently beneath the gingival margin
Direct tip at 45-degree angle |
|
|
Term
| Placement of the Orthodontic Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
| Place the tip at a 90-degree angle |
|
|
Term
There is no long-lasting substantivity of the antimicrobial agent due to the continuous flow of gingival crevicular fluid from the periodontal pocket.
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A substantive antimicrobial agent, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, would have to be retained in the pocket and be released slowly over time to have a beneficial effect.
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Currently, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that professional subgingival irrigation routinely should be used as a supplemental in-office procedure.
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IV – LOW abuse potential, 5 refills in 6 month period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LOWEST abuse potential, OTC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inverse related to dose, needed for effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| max effect, not dose related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time → half of drug out of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inside GI tract
Oral, Rectal, |
|
|
Term
Oral meds-
In order to get absorbed they have 4 D's are? |
|
Definition
| Disruption →Disintegration →Dispersion → Dissolution → |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predictable, dose related, on non-target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not predictable, not dose related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic; antibody related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune complex; antibody related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delayed/ least severe; cell mediated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Art. Heart valves, Hx- IE,
Congenital heart defects: unrepaired/incomplete repaired cyanotic disease, repaired with prosthetic
Heart Transplant w/ valve issue
Renal dialysis shunts
Ventriculoatrial hydrocephalic shunt (NOT STENTS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amox- 2000mg
Cephalexin- 2000mg
Clindamycin- 600mg
Macrolides- 500mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tx Oral Herpes
Inhibit Viral DNA synth
-clovir ending for viral meds
ADR's- bone marrow depress → anemias, bleeding gingiva/ oral ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tx Oral Candidiasis:
Pseudomembranous,
Chronic aplastic = denture stomatits,
Chronic hyperplastic,
Angular chelitits
Tx:
Nystatin- tablets or suspensions
5ml QID, 2wks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NTG as Vasodilator will increase blood supply to heart, sublingual admin |
|
|
Term
| Congestive Heart Failure ? |
|
Definition
| cardiac glycosides to increase force of contraction (+ inotropic effect); caution w/ VCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to prevent stroke, MI; reduce intravascular clots; increases risk of gingival hemorrhage; warfarin → prevents active Vit K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “statins”; antihyperlipedemics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water pills, help excrete Na+ and H2O; thiazide vs loop; *xerostomia and hTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “pril”, block angiotensin II → VD; *dysgeusia (change in taste), hTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “olol”, decrease CO, propranolol is a non-selective BB; avoid Epi w/ NSBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS Stimulant, super VC, Dilates Pupils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS/Resp depressor, Pinpoint Pupils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS Stimulant, rampant caries, xerostomia, poor diet; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System? |
|
Definition
Fight or flight
Emergency/crisis
Increased BP (vasoconstriction)
Increased HR
Bronchodilator
Dilates pupils
Preganglionic NT: acetylcholine
Postganglionic NT: norepinephrine
Adrenergic drugs |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System? |
|
Definition
Rest and digest
Normal/rest
Increased blood flow to digestive organs
Accelerates peristalsis
Bronchoconstriction
Constricts pupils
Preganglionic NT: acetylcholine
Postganglionic NT: acetylcholine
Cholinergic drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mimic the sympathetic NS
Examples:
Albuterol inhaler to tx asthma (bronchodilator)
Epinephrine to tx anaphylaxis
Epinephrine as vasoconstrictor
Epinephrine to tx cardiac arrest to stimulate heart
Dopamine to tx shock, Parkinson's, low BP
Adverse effects: CNS (anxiety, fear, tremor, headache), cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, xerostomia
Avoid adrenergics with angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic-blocking drugs? |
|
Definition
Block sympathetic NS
Tx cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, angina, glaucoma, MI
Beta blockers (-olol)
Propranolol- tx hypertension
Timolol- tx glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mimic parasympathetic NS
Example: Pilocarpine- increase salivary flow, tx glaucoma
Contraindications: asthma, ulcers, cardiac diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Block parasympathetic NS
Examples:
Atropine- decrease salivary flow
Imodium- tx diarrhea
Dramamine- tx motion sickness
Adverse reactions: blurred vision, bladder retention, constipation, dry mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonopioid, MOA: prostaglandin synthesis
Effects: Analgesic (pain reducer), Antipyretic (fever reducer), Anti-inflammatory, Anti-platelet (blood thinner)
Adverse effects: Interferes with clotting (contraindicated with warfarin), GI irritation, Hypersensitivity (allergic rxn), Reye’s syndrome (severe rxn in children, avoid aspirin in children), Tinnitus (ringing in ears) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonopioid,
Effects: Analgesic, Antipyretic, NOT anti-inflammatory
Adverse effects: Hepatotoxicity and liver necrosis at high doses
DOC for children, pts on anticoagulants ulcers, post-op pain after periodontal tx |
|
|
Term
Ibuprofen
Nonopioid, NSAID, Motrin, Advil,? |
|
Definition
, MOA: inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Effects: Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory
Adverse effects: Interferes with clotting, GI irritation
Contraindicated with ulcers, can decrease effects of many drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Block pain receptors to brain
Effects: analgesic, antitussive, sedation, euphoria
Adverse effects- respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, constipation, addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opioid antagonist, reverses effects of opioid, tx overdose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tx addiction and withdrawa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MOA- block peripheral nerve conduction by decreasing sodium permeability of the nerve membrane. Inhibit influx of sodium by blocking Na channels in membrane.
Small unmyelinated affected 1st, large myelinated fibers affected last.
LA are WEAK BASES, work poorly in inflamed tissues.
Aspiration is best way to reduce risk of toxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LA
Vasoconstrictor
Sodium bisulfite (preservative)
Sodium hydroxide (makes solution basic)
Sodium chloride (makes solution isotonic with body),
Sterile water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metabolized in liver, low allergenicity
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)- most commonly used in dentistry, available as topical, safe in pregnancy, medium duration
Mepivicaine (Carbocaine)- SHORTEST duration
Priolocaine (Citanest)- medium duration
Bupivacaine (Marcaine)- LONGEST duration
Articaine (Septocaine)- 4%, increase risk of paresthesia (with mandibular block) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prolong and increase depth of LA, delay absorption, decrease toxicity, decrease hemorrhage
Epinephrine & Levonordefrin
MRD= .2mg healthy pt,.04mg in medically compromised pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short-term tx of anxiety and insomnia
CNS depression/sedation
anxiety reduction/sedation
anticonvulsant,
muscle relaxant
NOT ANALGESIC
Used in dentistry to reduce anxiety, ex) diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), alprazolam (Xanax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tx of epilepsy (phenobarbital)
CNS depression/sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conscious sedation
anxiety reduction
raises pain threshold
excreted through exhalation
not metabolized in body
overdose may cause nausea and vomiting
Contraindications- COPD, upper respiratory infection, pregnancy, emotional instability, abuse potential
Prolonged exposure- tremors, spontaneous abortion, numbness and tingling in extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depress CNS to decrease seizures in pts with epilepsy
gingival hyperplasia occurs in 50% of pts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
barbiturate used to manage epilepsy
causes SEDATION |
|
|
Term
| Carbamazepine (Tegretol)? |
|
Definition
used to tx seizures
used to tx trigeminal neuralgia |
|
|
Term
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? |
|
Definition
Tx mild allergic reactions
Side effects: sedation & xerostomia
MOA- blocks histamine receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tx type I (insulin dependent),
subcutaneous injection,
hypoglycemia most common side effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase body’s sensitivity to insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate release of insulin from b-cells of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Medications used to tx upper respiratory ? |
|
Definition
respiratory infections:
Nasal decongestants-adrenergic drugs, vasoconstrictor
Expectorants- remove exudate and mucus
Antitussives- cough suppressant, may be opioids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenergic drug, bronchodilator, inhaler for immediate relief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ex) Fluticasone, long term treatment to prevent attacks, not for immediate use
Long acting bronchodilators
relieve symptoms for longer periods of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corticosteroid and bronchodilator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral medication to tx asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antacid, may be contraindicated in CVD pts because of sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit gastric acid secretion, ex) Prilosec |
|
|
Term
| Histamine blocking agent? |
|
Definition
| block H2 receptors, reducing acid secretions, ex) Tagamet and Pepcid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to tx cancer, osteoporosis (Fosamax)
Associated with osteonecrosis of jaw
Can cause impaired wound healing
Risk remains for years after administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Steroid hormone
Used for contraception, menopause, menstrual disturbances,
May increase gingival inflammation
May promote cancer (breast cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Steroid (glucocorticoid) used to tx autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, Addison’s disease, allergy
Reduces inflammatory response and is an immunosuppressant
Increases risk of infection and delays healing
May be at increased risk of adrenal crisis during stress exposure, may need to increase steroid dose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic-blocking drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mimic parasympathetic NS
Example: Pilocarpine- increase salivary flow, tx glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cementum
No Blood vessels or nerves
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OMG! Overlap ?% Meet ? Gap ?* exposed dentin pt. may experience discomfort during instrumentation |
|
Definition
| OMG! Overlap 60% Meet 30% Gap 10%* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin layer of bone that lines the socket to surround the root of the tooth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms the hard outside wall of the man/max. Will not show up radiographically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lattice like bone that fills the interior portion of the alveolar process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone |
|
|
Term
Periodontal Ligament**
Functions-? |
|
Definition
Supporter
Attaches teeth to bone
Nutrients
Sensory
** Shock Absorber for nerves and vessels MAINFUNCTION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest and most significant fiber group, extends from cementum coronally to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MOST prominent cell; responsible for collagen synthesis and degradation |
|
|
Term
| Glycoprotiens from saliva ? |
|
Definition
| are ADSORBED onto the tooth structure |
|
|
Term
| Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans causes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Porphromoans gingivalis ** ? |
|
Definition
| Most common periopathogen ( Mr. PERIO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fusobacterium nucleatum ? |
|
Definition
| (NUP/NUG) thought to play a role in biofilm formation |
|
|
Term
Know that Vasodilatation immediately follows vasoconstriction in the acute inflammatory process
** Know the movement of cells to the site of inflammation is termed CHEMOTAXIS
T/ F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic Periodontitis
Gingival Disease
Aggressive Periodontitis
Periodontitis as a manifestation of a systemic disease
Periodontitis associated with genetic disorders
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease
Abscesses of the Periodontium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid development
Apparent Inflammation
Pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow development
May appear “normal”
May not be painful |
|
|
Term
** know that the MOST obvious result of vasodilation of the peripheral circulation was EDEMA
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periodontitis Gingival Contour? |
|
Definition
Normal
Cleft
Bulbous
Festooned
Receded
Blunted
Hyperplastic
ACUTE (aggressive):Ulcerated, fiery red |
|
|
Term
Chronic Periodontitis
Signs? |
|
Definition
Loss of attachment
Bone loss
Bleeding
Exudate
Clinically you can notice but it is NOT reliable
Firm, Fibrotic tissue, Blunted, Heavy plaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aggressive Periodontitis? |
|
Definition
Less Common
Individuals under 30
RAPID destruction of PLD and Bone
Attachment loss is Episodic
Poor response to therapy
Small amounts of plaque
High amounts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Aa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low amount of neutrophils
Primary dentition is lost and permanent is exfoliated as soon as erupted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal WBC’s that do not function properly |
|
|
Term
HIV
Linear gingival erythema? |
|
Definition
| Linear red band limited to free gingival margin, does not respond well treatment |
|
|
Term
| Familia and cyclic neutropenia**? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Papillion- LeFe’vre syndrome**? |
|
Definition
Hyperkeratosis of the palms of hands and feet
Severe periodontal destruction |
|
|
Term
| Chediak-Higashi syndrome**? |
|
Definition
| Impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
UP/NUG
Bacteria responsible? |
|
Definition
Spirochetes- Treponema denticola**
Fusobacterium
Prevotella intermedia
Porphyromonas gingivali |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetracycline is often the drug of choice because it concentrates in gingival crevicular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from the injury to or infection of the surface gingival tissue |
|
|
Term
| Periodontal Abscess (lateral periodontal abscess)? |
|
Definition
| Results when infection spreads into perio pocket where drainage is blocked *** can occur after periodontal debridement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops in inflamed dental follicular tissue overlaying the crown of a partially erupted tooth 3rd molars are most common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from a pulp infection usually secondary to deep tooth decay |
|
|
Term
Class I- you can feel the roof top of the furcation
Class II- you can enter into the furcation
Class III- you can pass through entire furcation
Class IV- Same as III but you can visually see it
T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Width of Attached Gingiva? |
|
Definition
Extends from the sulcus/pocket base to the mucogingival junction
Widest on the anterior teeth
Narrowest in premolars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a deepening of the gingival sulcus as a result of swelling or enlargement of the gingival tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a pathological deepening of the gingival sulcus as a result of: apical migration of JE, destruction of periodontal ligament fibers, destruction of alveolar bone. |
|
|
Term
| -Suprabony pockets (Supracrestal? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when there is horizontal bone loss and the base of pocket is coronal to the crest of the alveolar bone. |
|
|
Term
| Infrabony pockets ( Subcrestal)? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when there is vertical bone loss and the base of pocket is apical to the crest of the alveolar bone. |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of occlusal trauma? |
|
Definition
Increased mobility
Tooth migration
Sensitivity to pressure
Radiographic widening of periodontal
ligament (enlarged funnel-shaped periodontal ligament space)
Alveolar bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| Systemic risk factors definition:? |
|
Definition
| conditions or diseases that increase an individual’s susceptibility to periodontal infection by modifying or amplifying the host response to the bacterial infection. |
|
|
