Term
| What are the three main categories of sensation from the skin? |
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Definition
| Pain, pressure, and temperature |
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Term
| Touch is the perception of what physical event? What kind of energy is being transduced? |
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Definition
| Displacement of skin. Mechanical energy. |
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Term
| Sensitivity to touch is most commonly measured with what two techniques? |
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Definition
| Point localization and 2 point detection |
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Term
| Our perception of heat and cold are the result of transduction of what kind of energy? What determines whether something will feel hot or cold to us? |
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Definition
| Thermal. The difference between the object and our core body temperature |
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Term
| What causes perceptions of pain? |
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Definition
| Mechanical or thermal energy at extreme intensities. |
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Term
| The region of skin that causes a change in a receptor’s firing rate is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common type of receptor cell in the skin is called what? What kind of sensation is this cell type associated with? |
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Definition
Free nerve endings.
Pain. |
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Term
| The term ‘mechanoreceptor’ refers to a cell that responds to what type of stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pacinian corpuscles respond to what kind of stimulation? |
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Definition
| onsets and offsets of pressure, but not continuous pressure |
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Term
| The general term for receptors that produce pain signals is _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The specific receptor that appears to be most closely associated with pain is the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| For the most part, particular sensations (pressure, heat, pain) do not appear to be the result of specific types of receptors, but rather the ______________ of receptors that is activated by a stimulus. |
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Definition
| Pattern and/or combination |
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Term
| The representation of the body in sensory cortex is called the _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 factors determine the intensity of heat and cold perception? |
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Definition
| 1.)Difference between your skin temperature and the temperature of the object you are feeling 2.)Duration 3.)Area of skin that is stimulated |
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Term
| Taste involves the transduction of what kind of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are how many so-called primary tastes? What are they? |
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Definition
4
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter |
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Term
| There is another proposed primary taste, termed Umami, which is the taste of what common food additive? |
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Definition
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Term
| The quality of a taste depends in a simple way on the molecular structure of a tasted chemical. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Although there are exceptions, carbon+water (carbohydrate) compounds usually taste __________, acidic foods generally taste __________, while basic compounds taste _______________, and alkaloid compounds taste _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensitivity to the primary tastes is evenly distributed across the tongue. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| The basis of the distribution of sensitivity to primary tastes across the tongue is not well understood, but does not appear to be the result of specific receptors for each of the primary tastes. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| We are able to discriminate a given taste from pure (tasteless) water at a (higher, lower) threshold than we are able to identify the taste. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most people are most sensitive to which of the primary tastes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-tasters (i.e., people who are insensitive to the primary taste that most of us are most sensitive to) tend to consume more of what popular bitter beverage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Supertasters will likely find broccoli (delicious, repugnant),while non-tasters typically find it (delicious, repugnant). |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, as we get older, does sensitivity to taste increase or decline? |
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Definition
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Term
| After tasting one chemical repeatedly (i.e., sugar), sensitivity to that chemical declines temporarily. What is this phenomenon called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensitivity depends on many factors, including the temperature of the tastant. Generally, we are most sensitive to chemicals at (low, moderate, high) temperatures, and least sensitive to chemicals at (low, moderate, high) temperatures. |
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Definition
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Term
| After tasting one chemical that stimulates one of the primary tastes repeatedly, we also become temporarily less sensitive to other chemicals that stimulate the same primary taste (i.e., saccharine after tasting sugar). This phenomenon is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste preference is the result of both biological and cultural influences. In general, pleasant tastes signal what kind of substance? Unpleasant tastes signal what kind of substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cultural influence on taste perception is so strong that some cultures abhor sweet and crave mainly bitter foods. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The selective filtering and amplification of information for further processing by a limited capacity information processing system |
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Term
| Attention might work by reducing the input intensity of irrelevant stimuli. This process is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Attention might work by boosting the input intensity of relevant information. This process is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The previous two processes (amplification and filtering) are summarized by what concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the orienting response (OR)? Know its components and what kind of information causes it. |
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Definition
A response to sudden change
Components: heart rate decreases, skin conductance increases, breathing becomes for shallow, receptor organs are brought into alignment with the change |
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Term
| How does Sokolov explain the OR? What does his theory say about a decrement (decrease) in the intensity of a stimulus? |
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Definition
| A discrepancy between current input and your mental model A decrement should cause an orienting response |
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Term
| What does the Thompson dual-process model of orienting predict in the case of a decrement in stimulus intensity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the startle reflex? What causes it? How is it similar to the OR? How is it different? |
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Definition
A response to an intense sudden change
An intense sudden change
Breathing becomes more rapid and deeper, Heart rate increases, receptor organs close (eyes) |
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Term
| What is pre-pulse inhibition? |
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Definition
| A reduction in the startle reflex with a prior warning |
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Term
| What is dichotic listening? |
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Definition
| 2 different signals, one delivered to each ear |
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Term
| According to Broadbent’s filter theory of attention, what information from the unattended channel gets processed in working memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Treisman’s attenuation theory of attention, what information from an unattended channel will get processed in working memory? |
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Definition
| Information that is already close to threshhold |
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Term
| According to late selection theories, what information from unattended channels gets processed in working memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Neisser, does selection occur at an early or a late stage of processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the spotlight model of visual attention, what is the nature of the attended area of the visual field? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 operations of the attentional spotlight, according to Posner’s model? |
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Definition
| Disengage, move, and engage |
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Term
| Why is a cost to an invalid cue important in testing the spotlight model against competing models of attention? |
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Definition
| The three operations take time, and that predicts the outcome |
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Term
| According to the spotlight model of attention, what is the basis of visual information selection? (i.e., is it space-based or object-based?). |
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Definition
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Term
| Does visual attention select information based on spatial location or object identity? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the study by Ling & Carrasco, do endogenous and exogenous attention operate via the same mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does attention have on sensitivity to visual stimuli? |
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Definition
| Decreases sensitivity to unattended regions |
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Term
| What is the binding problem? |
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Definition
| Features are analyzed separately but we perceive objects |
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Term
| What does feature integration theory say about object binding? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an illusory conjunction? |
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Definition
| A binding of features that did not exist in the environment |
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Term
| Under what circumstances do illusory conjunctions most often occur? |
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Definition
| When there is a lack of attention |
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Term
| What is the Stroop effect? |
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Definition
| It takes longer to name the color of an inconsistent color word |
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Term
| What is it taken as evidence of? |
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Definition
| Automaticity of word reading |
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Term
| What form of energy is transduced in time perception? |
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Definition
| None, time is not a form of energy |
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Term
| What is the basis of our perception of intervals, according to memory set size models such as Ornstein’s model? |
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Definition
| The number and complexity of cognitive operations that took place during the interval |
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Term
| According to such a model, which will be perceived as longer, an empty interval or an interval in which many cognitive tasks are performed? |
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Definition
| An interval with many cognitive tasks |
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Term
| What is the basis of our perception of intervals, according to attentional models of time perception? |
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Definition
| Attention to the interval |
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Term
| According to attention models of time perception, which will be perceived as longer, an empty interval or an interval in which many cognitive tasks are performed? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is evidence for both memory set size and attentional models of timing. How is the discrepancy between their predictions resolved? |
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Definition
Attentional models: prospective (participants are told beforehand that they will be judging duration)
memory models: retrospective (participants are told afterwards that they will be judging duration) |
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Term
| There appears to be many candidates for a biological clock, but what is certain is that several biological variables appear to influence time perception. In general, stimulants appear to have what effect on time perception (and presumably the biological clock)? Depressants have what effect on time perception? |
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Definition
Stimulants speed up time: overestimation
Depressants slow down time: underestimation |
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Term
| In general, as core body temperature increases, does the biological clock appear to run faster or slower? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET), the signal of the beginning of a timed interval causes a ________ to close and allow _____to pass into an ______. Our representation of time is the final count that accumulates in the ___________ [please note that two blanks have the same answer]. |
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Definition
gate
pulses
accumulator
Accumulator |
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Term
| According to SET, the long-term memory representation (LTM) of a temporal interval is composed of___________ rather than a single prototype. The observation that pigeons peck and their maximal rate around the time that delayed reinforcement would be given indicates that pigeons have a representation of elapsed time. This phenomenon is demonstrated by the _______ procedure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the scalar property of timing. |
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Definition
| Increasing variability with increasing duration |
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Term
| The empirical phenomenon that the smallest difference between two intervals necessary to tell them apart increases with increasing interval duration is called ____________. |
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Definition
| Just noticeable difference |
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Term
| In the warning stimulus paradigm, the phenomenon that reactions are faster following a warning stimulus is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the warning stimulus paradigm, when foreperiods are blocked the fastest reactions occur at the _______ interval, but when foreperiods are mixed, the fastest reactions occur at the _________ interval. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reason is that when foreperiods are blocked, attention is based on ________, but when foreperiods are mixed, attention is also based on _______. |
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Definition
Timing
Subjective Probability |
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Term
| Internal clock models (like SET) can account for attentional effects after isochronous or randomly timed stimulus sequences, but not after _________ sequences. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three stages of sensory integration, according to most models? |
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Definition
1.) Analysis
2.) Integration
3.) Decision |
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Term
| According to the Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception (FLMP), does each sensory modality have its own rule (algorithm) for integration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at the analysis stage, according to FLMP? |
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Definition
| each feature is transformed into a value representing the degree to which it supports each alternative interpretation |
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Term
| How is evidence from various stimulus features integrated, according to FLMP? |
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Definition
| multiplicative combination |
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Term
| The pattern classification stage of FLMP computes what? |
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Definition
| a probability for each alternative |
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Term
| According to signal detection theory, how are different features (cues) of a stimulus integrated to arrive at a single interpretation of the stimulus? |
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Definition
- the two (or more) distributions correspond to the two stimuli
- A decision is made independently along each stimulus dimension
- Each individual decision consists of a real value corresponding to how far the subjective perception of that dimension is from the criterion.
- Integration is achieved by simply summing these evaluations
SUMMING THE VALUES OF EACH INDEPENDENT EVALUATION |
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Term
| What are the four determinants of whether two stimuli will compete with each other, be integrated, or one will be ignored for constructing a percept? |
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Definition
- Temporal proximity
- Spatial proximity
- Information consistency
- Reliability of the information source |
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|
Term
| Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET) explained as graph |
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Definition
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