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| Summary of the perceptual process in the retina |
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Definition
| eye. Light is reflected from an object into the eye, the light is focused to from an image on retina. Light which is absorbed intensely and dimly in certain receptors, is absorbed by the visual pigment molecules in the rods and cones outer segments. Chemical reactions in the outer segments transduce the light into electrical signals through the retina; and interact, excite, and inhibit, eventually reaching the ganglion cells, which because of have center-surround receptive fields on the retina. After being processed by the retina, these electrical signals are sent to the back of the eye in fibers in the optic nerve. |
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| region of the brain in the thalamus that receives most of the signals from the retina that travel into the optic nerve. From here, signals travel to the primry visual receiving area (striate cortex) in the occipital lobe.Signals from the striate cortex travel to the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe. |
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| area involved with controlling eye movements and other visual behaviors |
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| to regulate and organize neural information as it flows from the retina to the visual cortex |
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| eye on the same side of teh body as the LGN (layers 2,3,5) |
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eye on opposite side of the bodyfrom the LGN (layers 1,4,6)
-information from the left and right eyes is kept separated in the LGN. |
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| Spot on LGN corresponds to a spot on the retina |
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| Cells with side by side receptive fields |
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| relationship between orientation and firing of a neuron, determined by measuring the responses of simple cells to different orietnations |
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| Respond best to bar-like orientation, but only respond when a correctly oriented bar of light moves across the entire receptive field. |
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| Fire to moving lines of a specific length or moving corners and angles |
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| Importance of orient-response neurons |
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| Indicates that neurons do not only respond to light, but certain patterns of light and not others. |
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| AS travel further from the retina... |
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| neurons fire to more complex stimuli. |
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If neurons fire long enough, they adapt, causing 2 responses:
1. firing rate decreases
2. fires less when stimulus is immediately presented again |
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| If an animal is reared in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli, then neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent. |
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| Response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience |
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| The large proportion the fovea has on the area of the cortex |
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| fMRI indicates the presence of brain activity because... |
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| the hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity lose some of the oxygen they are transporting. This makes hemoglobin more magnetic, and the fMRI determines changes in magnetic responses of hemoglobin when presented with a stimulus |
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| Location column in the striate cortex |
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Definition
| Perpendicular to the surface of the cortex so that all of the neurons within a location column have their receptive fields at the same location on the retina |
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| Each column containing cells that respond best to a particular orientation |
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| Ocular dominance columns (ODC) |
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| Preferential response to one eye (ocular dominance) and neurons organized with the same ocular dominance are ODC |
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Location, orientation, and ocular dominance all combined into one larger unit.
-Processes info from a specific area of the retina |
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| Objects represented in striate cortex |
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| Disproportionate activation compared to actual object, where magnification factor allots more space on the cortex to parts of the image that fall on the fovea. |
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'What' pathway, identifying objects
-action pathway, determines how a person carries out an action |
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| "Where" pathway, locating objects |
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| Situations in which one function is absent when another is present |
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| A perceptual visual illusion had no effect on the person's ability to take action regarding the stimulus, thus... |
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| perception and action are served by different mechanisms |
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| Structure that is specialized to process info about a particular type of stimulus |
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-located in the fusiform gyrus below the IT cortex.
-responds to faces |
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| Difficulty recognizing the faces of familiar people |
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| Parahippocampal place area (PPA) |
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| activation of indoor and outdoor scenes, importance of spatial layout |
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| Extrastriate body area (EBA) |
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| activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies |
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| Objects may cause a focus of activity in a particular area, but... |
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| they are represented in the cortex by activity that is distributed over a wide area. |
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