Term
| What is the most developed sense of a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ritualism is associated with which age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The newborn is unable to hear until this happens. |
|
Definition
| First sneeze to clear amniotic fluid from ears. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average weight of a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal head circumference of a newborn? |
|
Definition
33 - 33.5 cm
(13 - 14 inches) |
|
|
Term
| What shape is the anterior fontanel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape is the posterior fontanel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the posterior fontanel close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the posterior fontanel close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principal disorder of posterior pituitary hypofunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly is associated with which disorder? |
|
Definition
Overproduction of the anterior pituitary after puberty
(pituitary hyperfunction) |
|
|
Term
| Why is Ipecac and charcoal never given at the same time? |
|
Definition
| They neutralize each other. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal respiration rate for an infant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three (3) stages of separation anxiety? |
|
Definition
1. Protest
2. Despair
3. Detachment |
|
|
Term
| Object permanence is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imitative play is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A Clique is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beginning of competitive play is associated with which age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children are most highly imaginative at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bladder control occurs at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bowel control occurs at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infant has to place head in this position before infant can start to cry. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developmental function(s) are affected by a Cleft Palate? |
|
Definition
1. Impacts speech
2. Feeding problems until repair |
|
|
Term
| Negativism is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal weight range of a newborn? |
|
Definition
5 lbs, 8 oz - 8 lbs, 13 oz
(2.5kg - 4kg) |
|
|
Term
| This is the master gland of the endocrine system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Stage and Psychosocial Crisis for (4-6 yrs)? |
|
Definition
1. Early School Age
2. Initiative vs. Guilt |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Stage and Psychosocial Crisis for (2-4 yrs)? |
|
Definition
1. Toddlerhood
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt |
|
|
Term
| What are the three (3) parenting styles? |
|
Definition
1. Autocratic
2. Democratic
3. Indulging |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Stage and Psychosocial Crisis (12-18 yrs) |
|
Definition
1. Early Adolescence
2. Group Identity vs. Alienation |
|
|
Term
| What is the Life Stage and Psychosocial Crisis (6-12 yrs) |
|
Definition
1. Middle School Age
2. Industry vs. Inferiority |
|
|
Term
| A newborn will need furhter assessment if the infant does not pass a stool within _________ of birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high-pitched cry can indicate what type of disorder? |
|
Definition
| (CNS) central nervous system disorder |
|
|
Term
| Boys and Girls playing together is associated with this age group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cooperative play is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parallel play is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the acronyn CRIES represent? |
|
Definition
C - Cries
R - Requires oxygen
I - Increased vital signs
E - Expression
S - Sleepless |
|
|
Term
What product should not be given to an infant with Gastroenteritis?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Pepto
2. Can poison baby |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils present in stool culture of a child suspected of having Gastroenteritis indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acid & sugar present in stool culture of a child suspected of having Gastroenteritis indicates? |
|
Definition
Formula intolerance
(Doc usually changes formula) |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract that causes vomiting, diarrhea, or both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does an infant lose 10% of it's birthweight? |
|
Definition
| Within first 3 to 4 days after birth. |
|
|
Term
| Birth weight quadruples at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Birth weight doubles at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Birth weight triples at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal chest circumference of a newborn. |
|
Definition
30.5 - 33cm
(12 - 13 inches) |
|
|
Term
| Normal body temperature range of an infant. |
|
Definition
36.5 - 37.5 C (Axillary)
(97.7-99.5 F)
36.5 - 37.6 C (Rectal)
(97.7 - 99.7 F) |
|
|
Term
Life Stage and Psychosocial Crisis
(Birth - 2 yrs) |
|
Definition
1. Infancy
2. Trust vs. Mistrust |
|
|
Term
| What is Infant Mortality? |
|
Definition
| # of deaths of childen between 30 days to 1 year of age per 100 live births per year |
|
|
Term
| Group play is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
8 - 10 yrs old
If group play is not provided, children may find a gang to become involved in a group. |
|
|
Term
| Solitary play is associated with this age group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
Overproduction of the ANTERIOR pituitary gland AFTER puberty
"Pituitary Hyperfunction" |
|
|
Term
| Fencing Reflex disappears by this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gigantism is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
Overproduction of the ANTERIOR pituitary BEFORE puberty.
"Pituitary Hyperfunction" |
|
|
Term
| What is Perinatal Mortality? |
|
Definition
# of FETAL (<20 weeks gestation) plus
# of death of INFANTS less than 30 days per 1000 live births per year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevalence of specific ILLNESS during specific time per 1000 population. |
|
|
Term
First temperature of a newborn should be taken where?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Rectally
2. Verifies patency of anus |
|
|
Term
What should the first feeding of a BOTTLE FED newborn consist of?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Glucose and water (not formula)
2. Easily breaks down |
|
|
Term
| Solid food should be introduced to the infant at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can a child receive an IM injection in the gluteal region? |
|
Definition
| Child has to have a history of walking for at least 12 months (1 year) |
|
|
Term
| Normal for a newborn to lose 10% of it's birth weight after birth. When does newborn's weight return to birth weight? |
|
Definition
| Usually by 10th day after birth. |
|
|
Term
| Normal length range of a newborn. |
|
Definition
48 - 53 cm
(19 - 21 inches) |
|
|
Term
| Normal length range of a newborn. |
|
Definition
48 - 53 cm
(19 - 21 inches) |
|
|
Term
| What is the AVERAGE length of a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UNILATERAL wheezing in a child may indicate this. |
|
Definition
| Foreign body aspiration / occlusion |
|
|
Term
| What is NEONATAL mortality? |
|
Definition
| # of deaths of infants (< 30 days old) per 1000 live births per year. |
|
|
Term
| Clark's Formula for pediatric dosage calculation. |
|
Definition
| Multiply weight of child in pounds with amount of adult dosage and divide by 150 |
|
|
Term
| Fried's Formula for pediatric dosage calculation. |
|
Definition
| Multiply child's age in months with adult dosage amount and divide by 150. |
|
|
Term
| Formula to calculate # of erupted teeth. |
|
Definition
| Age of child in months - 6. |
|
|
Term
| Normal heart rate range for a newborn. |
|
Definition
110 - 160 beats / minute
100 (sleeping)
180 (crying) |
|
|
Term
| Drooling begins at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No head lag when pulled to sitting position by this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Begins to use pincer grasp using index, fourth, and fifth fingers against lower part of thumb at this age. |
|
Definition
8 - 9 months
8 months - starts using pincer grasp
9 months - uses thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp |
|
|
Term
| Recognizes parents; begins to fear strangers at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulls self to standing position and stands holding onto furniture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rolls from back to side at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can turn over from abdomen to back at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rolls from BACK to ABDOMEN at this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Starts to creep on hands and feet by this age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Tongue Retusion Reflux and when does it usually disappear? |
|
Definition
1. Whatever goes in the infant's mouth, the tongue pushes the food / object foward.
2. Usually disappears by 6 months of age. |
|
|
Term
| First solid food given to an infant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First solid food given to an infant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Tell what rule was broken (no
more than 10 words)
2. Put child in a place where there is
no view and is uncomfortable
(corner)
3. Time-out (1 min per year of age)
4. Hug and tell why they had timeout
(no more than 10 words) |
|
|
Term
| What is (PKU) Phenylketonuria? |
|
Definition
A congenital, autosomal recessive disease marked by failure to metabolize the amino acid phenylalaline (protein) to tyrosine
Prohibits digestion of protein |
|
|
Term
| (PKU) Pheylketonuria can cause this type of disorder. |
|
Definition
| Severe neurological deficits such as mental retardation in infants. |
|
|
Term
| Transfer of gastric contents into the esophagus is associated with this dysfunction. |
|
Definition
| (GER)Gastroesophageal Reflux |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)? |
|
Definition
1. Depends on the severity
2. Some children require small, frequent feedings of thickened formula & positioning therapy
3. Constant N/G feeding maybe necessary for infant if FTT occurs
4. Pharmacologic therapy maybe used as adjunct therapy
(Ex: Pepcid, Tagament, Zantac)
5. Surgical management for children with severe complications such as:
Apnea, FTT, Recurrent Aspiration Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| type of diet for a child with PKU (Phenylketonuria). |
|
Definition
Very low protein diet
Enough protein for growth & development, but not enough to raise levels to cause problems. |
|
|
Term
| GER-chalasia is another name for which disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intolerance to gluten
(wheat, barley, rye, oats)
Gluten will kill the villi in the small intestines resulting in mal absorption of nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes present in a stool culture of a child suspected of Gastroenteritis indicates? |
|
Definition
| Usually a specific pathogen causing the inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| Celiac disease usually shows up between this age group. |
|
Definition
| 6 months to 1 year of age. |
|
|
Term
| Bulky, frothy, foul smelling stools are associated with this type of disorder. |
|
Definition
Mal Absoprtion disease
Ex: Celiac Disease, Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| A normal protruding stomach, but no butt is associated with what type of disorder. |
|
Definition
Mal Aborption disease
Ex: Celic Disease, Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Children with Celiac Disease often have this intolerance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Celiac Disease is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sign/Symptom of Celiac Disease |
|
Definition
| (FTT) Failure to thrive due to mal absorption of nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis is a disorder of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with Celiac Disease can eat these products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of diet for children with Celiac Disease. |
|
Definition
| "Glutten free"; low gluten diet as it is impossible to remove every source of gluten protein |
|
|
Term
| Signs / symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis. |
|
Definition
1. FTT (Failure to Thrive) due to
malabsorption of nutrients
2. Respiratory problems due to thick
mucuous |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis. |
|
Definition
1. Increase vicosity of mucous gland
secretions
2. Elevation of sweat electrolytes
3. Missing enzymes for digesting food
4. Increase in several organic &
enzymatic constituents of saliva
5. Abnormalities in autonomic nervous
system function |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary factor & main one responsible for many of the clinical manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mode of transmission for Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| Defective gene inherited from both parents. |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest manifestation of Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| Meconium ileus in the newborn. |
|
|
Term
| What type of test is used as a diagnotic tool for Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
Sweat gland test - determines how much chloride is in the sweat
(Hand is placed under a machine that detects chloride level) |
|
|
Term
| Child with Cystic Fibrosis usually have high concentrations of these components in their sweat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with Cystic Fibrosis usually require chest physiotherapy to help clear up alveoli. What is chest physiotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Postural drainage by percussion |
|
|
Term
| What drug therapy is used for Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
PULMOZYME - loosens up secretions in the lungs
VIOKASE - synthetic pancreatic enzyme
Given before meals to aid in digestion |
|
|
Term
| Physical manifestations of children with Cystic Fibrosis |
|
Definition
| Normal protruding stomach, but no butt. |
|
|
Term
| An infant with Cystic Fibrosis will taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important for children with Cystic Fibrosis to remain updated on all immunizations? |
|
Definition
| They are very weak and susceptible. |
|
|
Term
| Why should children with Cystic Fibrosis not run around as much as other children? |
|
Definition
| They could loose too much sodium and chloride from sweating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A severe protein-deficiency type of malnutrition of children
Means: "Deposed Child" |
|
|
Term
| White streak in hair of a child is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations in a child with Kwashiorkor? |
|
Definition
1. Prominent abdomen from edema (ascites)
2. Scaly & dry skin with areas of depigmenation
3. Permanent blindness often from lack of Vitamin A
4. Diarrhea common
5. Melanin deficiency
6. Protein deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Kwashiokor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malnutrition - Deficiency in all nutrients (starvation) |
|
|
Term
| Morasmus is usually seen in what areas of the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of a child with Morasmus? |
|
Definition
Gradual wasting and atrophy of body tissues, especially subcutaneous
Child appears old, with flabby, wrinkled skin |
|
|
Term
| Why is Cystic Fibrosis considered a Respiratory and a GI disorder? |
|
Definition
1. RESPIRATORY - pulmonary complications resulting from thick mucous poses the most serious threat to life.
2. GI - Thickness of mucous causes obstruction in GI tract and there are many enzymes missing which help to digest food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is an undigestible substance ingested in the stomach
Ex: hair chewing (causes hair ball); |
|
|
Term
| Children tend to swallow things. What would be the treatment be for a swallowed penny? |
|
Definition
| Observe for the passage through stool with a tongue blade depressor and give a high fiber diet. |
|
|
Term
| What is contraindicated to treat a child who has swallowed a foreign body such as a penny? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pulmonary & gastrointestinal treatment for Cystic Fibrosis? |
|
Definition
1. Antibiotic therapy
2. Chest physiotherapy
3. Bronchodilator therapy PRN
4. Physical exercise (moderate)
5. Replacement of pancreatic enzymes
6. Well-balanced, high-protein,
high-caloric diet |
|
|
Term
What is the antidote for Tylenol poisoning?
How much does a child need to take? |
|
Definition
1. Mucomyst
2. 17 to 18 doses |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/sx of Aspirin poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Bleeding and tinnitus (rining in ears) |
|
|
Term
| Overdose of either Aspirin or Tylenol can lead to the failure of this organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emetic (induces vomiting) - exerts action through irritation of the gastric mucosa & by stimulating vomiting center of the brain
Also a poison itself. |
|
|
Term
| What is Activated Charcoal? |
|
Definition
| Nontoxic, odorless, tasteless, fine black powder that absorbs many compounds reducing their toxicity through entire length of GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| What two gastric decomtaminates are given for poisonings? |
|
Definition
1. Syrup of Ipecac
2. Activated charcoal |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula used to determine how much was ingested with each swallow? |
|
Definition
.21 ml/kg = 1 swallow
Ex: Child weighs: 18 kg
.21 x 18 = 3.78ml per swallow |
|
|
Term
| Why is it no longer suggested to have Ipecac at home. |
|
Definition
| Ipecac is a poison itself and it is meant to be vomited. If a child does not vomit, the Ipecac itself can be a problem for the child. |
|
|
Term
When is Ipecac contradindicated?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. When a child has swallowed a corrosive or a hydrocarbon substance.
2. Corrosive materials eat away at tissue and will cause more damage if the corrosive material is vomited.
A hydrocarbon has a high risk of aspiration |
|
|
Term
| Lead poisoning is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Syrup of Ipecac and Activate charcoal never given at the same time? |
|
Definition
| They neutralize each other. |
|
|
Term
| What are the independent risk factors to Lead Poisoning? |
|
Definition
1. Poverty
2. < 6 yrs old
3. African-American
4. Dwelling in city |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Lead Poisoning? |
|
Definition
1. DIGESTION: Eating lead-based paint;high level of lead in newpaper colored comics and ads (children place in mouth to make spitballs)
2. INHALATION: From environment such as contaminated soil; leaving close to freeways; gasoline emitted lead in air which falls on fruits and vegetables which are then ingested |
|
|
Term
| Serum level of lead greater than _____ is toxic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lead poisoining can lead to: |
|
Definition
| Cerebral edema & encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of lead encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
1. Headache
2. Personality changes
3. ALOC - child will not be alert |
|
|
Term
| Why is an increased level of lead toxic? |
|
Definition
1. Lead competes with molecules of calcium at cellular level (interferes with reglating action of calcium)
2. Prevents hemoglobin from combining with iron which results in iron deficiency anemia |
|
|
Term
| Xrays will show this in a child with lead poisoning. |
|
Definition
| Lead line across the bone |
|
|
Term
| Why type of therapy is used for Lead Poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Chelation therapy - medication given that removes lead from the blood and to some extent, in other places in the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the drugs used for chelation therapy in a child with Lead Poisoning? |
|
Definition
1. EDTA - IV over few hours or IM
2. BAL - Deep IM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eating disorder manifested by a craving to ingest any material not normally considered as food.
Particular problem with lead poisoning
Can cause toxicity dependent on component ingested |
|
|
Term
| What gastric decontaminate should be used for a child who has ingested a corrosive material or a hydrocarbon substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a Tooth Avulsion? |
|
Definition
| Place tooth in milk (isotonic solution) to preserve |
|
|
Term
| Why is it contraindicated to place a Tooth Avulsion in water? |
|
Definition
| Water is a hypotonic solution; it would draw the fluid from the root of the tooth |
|
|
Term
| Most common helminthic infection in U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of test is used as a diagnostic tool for pinworms?
When is it performed? |
|
Definition
1. Scotch tape test - piece of tape applied to anus of child
2. First thing in the morning as soon as child wakes up |
|
|
Term
| Drug used for treatment of pinworms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mode of transmission for pinworms? |
|
Definition
Eggs ingested or inhaled
Eggs hatch in the upper intestine, mature & migrate through the intestine
After mating, females migrate out the anus (when child sleeping)and lay eggs |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission for Roundworms. |
|
Definition
Transfer to mouth by way of contaminated food, fingers, or toys
Eggs penetrate wall of intestine & travels to lungs
Child coughs & swallows sputum (continues cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Ascariasis is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxyriasis is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest of intestinal helminths. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Pinworm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Roundworm. |
|
Definition
| Chronic cough with no other signs of illness |
|
|
Term
| Necator is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission for Hookworm. |
|
Definition
Direct skin contact with discharged eggs in soil.
Picked up by walking barefoot - gets into the blood from the hair follicles.
Migrates to lungs where the eggs mature. Child coughs up mature egg, and swallow again (continuous cycle) |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Hookworm. |
|
Definition
Itching and burning followed by erythema at entrance site.
Wear shoes to prevent |
|
|
Term
| Trichuriasis is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission for Whipworm. |
|
Definition
Ingestion of eggs - usually by eating rare or undercook meat (especially pork)
Larvae get in the duodenum and pierce through it and get in the bloodstream. They settle in tissue (muscle) causing an abscess.
Has to be surgically incised |
|
|
Term
| Schistosomiasis is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission for Blood Fluke. |
|
Definition
Contact with infected snails / infested (still) water
Larvae can attach to hair follicles.
May cause GI bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symtpoms of Blood Fluke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atresia of Esophagus is also known as: |
|
Definition
| (TEF) Tracheo Esophageal Fistula |
|
|
Term
| Condition in a pregnant woman that may indicate the fetus has Artresia of Esophagus. |
|
Definition
| Polyhydramnios - too much amniotic fluid indicates may indicate the fetus is unable to ingest amniotic fluid. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different pathologies that can develop in Atresia of Esophagus? |
|
Definition
1. Esophagus is blocked off (does not connect to stomach or trachea)
2. Esophagus goes into the trachea instead of stomach
3. Trachea connects to stomach
4. Esophagus connects to trachea and trachea connect to stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of Atresia of Esophagus? |
|
Definition
1. Distended abdomen
2. Drooling (infant < 4 months old)
3. Vomiting
4. Choking |
|
|
Term
Who should always be present for a newborn's first feeding?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Nurse
2. Assess for any problems. |
|
|
Term
| Ribbon like stool is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
| Imperforated Anus - anus dimpling smaller than GI. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of an Imperforated Anus? |
|
Definition
1. GI tract and anus do not connect.
2. Connection blocked (membrance between GI and anus did not rupture)
3. No anus dimpling present
4. Connection, but anus dimpling smaller than GI. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods used when taking an X-ray in a child suspected of having an Imperforated Anus? |
|
Definition
1. Piece of metal inserted into anus to see how far up the anus is
2. Feed baby ginger ale and turn baby upside down before taking X-ray. The bubbles go bottom of GI tract and can be seen on X-ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Facial malformation - results from failure of the maxillary & medial nasal processes to fuse by 11th week gestation.
May vary from a small notch to a complete fissure extending into the base of the nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incomplete connection of nasal & maxillary processes resulting in a midline fissure (hole)inside upper roof of mouth. |
|
|
Term
| When is a Cleft Lip usually repaired? |
|
Definition
| About 11 weeks after birth. |
|
|
Term
| When is a Cleft Palate repaired. |
|
Definition
| Usually about 18 months of age. |
|
|
Term
| Why can't a Cleft Palate be repaired before 18 months of age? |
|
Definition
| Time is needed for area to grow to make room for teeth. |
|
|
Term
Which is repaired first in a child who has both Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. They are not repaired at the same time. Palate is repaired first and allowed to heal.
2. Palate is repaired first to avoid disrupting the lip after it has been repaired. |
|
|
Term
| How does a cleft palate affect development? |
|
Definition
1. Impacts feeding - infant unable to suck (specialized nipples used until repaired)
2. Impacts speech |
|
|
Term
| Name of surgical procedure to repair a Cleft Lip. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of surgical procedure to repair a Cleft Palate? |
|
Definition
| Staphlylorraphy or Palatoplasty |
|
|
Term
| What is Pyloric Stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophy (overgrowth) of the pyloric muscle causing narrowing of the opening. |
|
|
Term
| When does Pyloric Stenosis develop? |
|
Definition
| Usually within the first few weeks after birth. |
|
|
Term
| Projectile vomiting is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symtpoms of Pyloric Stenosis. |
|
Definition
1. Visible peristalsis
2. Able to palpate lump
3. Projective vomiting
4. FTT (Failure to Thrive)
5. Metabolic alkalosis
6. Dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Conservative treatment for Pyloric Stenosis. |
|
Definition
1. Thicken feeding
2. Anti-reflux - keep baby in fowler's position during and after feeding.
3. Drug therapy (Reglan) - empties stomach faster (given before meals) |
|
|
Term
Surgical treatment of Pyloric Stenosis is called?
How is procedure done? |
|
Definition
1. Ramstedt
2. Incision is made only in the pyloric muscle |
|
|
Term
| What position should an infant be placed after surgical procedure for Pyloric Stenosis? |
|
Definition
Knees are keep slightly flexed to help keep strain off surgical site
Baby can be placed in a car seat which keeps baby's knees slightly flexed |
|
|
Term
| What is Hirschsprung's Disease? |
|
Definition
Most common cause of lower GI obstruction in neonates
Caused by a congenital absence of some or all the normal bowel ganglion (nerve) cells. |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Hirschsprung's Disease. |
|
Definition
1. Constipation
2. Hx of laxative use
3. Distended bowel (cannot be seen) |
|
|
Term
What type of enema should never be used in a child with Hirschsprung's Disease?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Water enema
2. Can cause hypotonic dehydration & death |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Megacolon is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Hirschsprung's Disease treated? |
|
Definition
| Surgically - sectionlacking the nerve endings is excised and then colon is sutured to connect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intestinal obstruction - occurs when a proximal segment of the bowel telescopes into a more distal segment, pulling the mesentery with it. |
|
|
Term
| Currant jelly stool is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Currant jelly stool is associated with this disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Intussusception? |
|
Definition
Barium enema - the weight of the barium pushes tract to the direction it needs to go.
Air pressure works just as well and some use carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What is (PKU) Phenylketonuria? |
|
Definition
| Congenital disorder marked by failure to metabolize protein |
|
|
Term
What liquid should not be given to a child with Phenylketonuria?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Milk
2. Unable to break down protein in milk
Child should be given milk substitute such as Lefenolac. |
|
|
Term
| Type of diet for child with Phenylketonuria. |
|
Definition
| Very low protein diet - give enough protein for growth and development, but not enough to raise levels to cause problems. |
|
|
Term
| Phenylketonuria can cause this disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic management for Atresia of Esophagus. |
|
Definition
1. Surgical repair of anomaly
2. Maintenance of airway
3. Prevention of pneumonia
4. Infant placed on NPO and IV therapy
until diagnosed
5. Early, broad spectrum antibiotic
started due to aspiration pneumonia
is almost inevitable |
|
|
Term
| What are the five (5) phases of childhood communicable diseases? |
|
Definition
1. Incubation
2. Prodromal
3. Fastigium
4. Defervesence
5. Convalesence |
|
|
Term
| Exposure to 1st symptom of being ill is the __________________ period of a communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st sign & symptom to characteristic rash is the _______________ period of a communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Characteristic rash to signs & symptoms start to disappear is the
________________ period of a communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All signs & symptoms disappear is the ________________ period of a communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for a viral infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for a bacterial infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most contagious stage of a communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Varicella is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Variola is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All five (5) stages of this communicable disease is present at the same time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The five (5) phases of this communicable disease are present one stage at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature rises (up to 105 F), drops dramatically, then rash erupts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission for Mumps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major complication of Mumps (especially in males)? |
|
Definition
| Orchitis - sterility possible if infected after puberty. |
|
|
Term
| Swelling of the glands (Bull neck) is associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythema Infectiosum is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human parvo virus 19 is associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
| Fifth's Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) |
|
|
Term
| Gray, white membrane across inside of throat that will bleed if removed is associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human parvovirus B19 (HPV) is associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rubella is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Koplik spots are associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whooping Cough is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is given to children with Rubeola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ENATHEM characteristic sign of Scarlet Fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the EXANTHEM signs of Scarlet Fever? |
|
Definition
1. Red rash (erythema) all over the
body (blanches on pressure)
2. Bright red rash, but have
circumoral pallor
3. Skin can peel as rash starts to
disappear |
|
|
Term
| What are the two (2) kinds of immunity for Scarlet Fever? |
|
Definition
1. Antibacterial
2. Antitoxic Immunity |
|
|
Term
| If a child is innoculated against Scarlet Fever, child will develop this condition instead if exposed to Scarlet Fever. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This communicable disease can cause congenital anomalies during pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small, irregular red spots with a minute, bluish white center
First seen in mouth about 2 days before eruption of rash |
|
|
Term
| Conjunctivitis is associated with this communicable disease. |
|
Definition
| Rubeola (Regular Measles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathnomonic sign of Whooping Cough? |
|
Definition
| Fit of coughing & have inspiratory whooping sound |
|
|
Term
| Corney Bacteria is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What should be at the bedside of a child who has Diptheria?
Why? |
|
Definition
1. Trach set
2. Diptheria affects swallowing (possibility of aspiration) |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to the abdomen of a child with Whooping Cough during a fit of coughing? |
|
Definition
| Possibility of a hernia from coughing fit. |
|
|
Term
| Contraindications to immunization. |
|
Definition
1. High fever
2. Immunosuppression
3. Pregnancy
4. Hx of allergy response to
immunization
Such as: high fever, seizure,
inconsolable crying > 3 hrs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rash on mucous membrane
Ex: conjuctivitis, thrush |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exanthem - circumscribed red area on the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exanthem - circumscribed red area on the skin that is elevated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exanthem - circumscribed red area on skin that is elevated & contains pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exanthem - circumscribed red area on the skin that is elevated, & contains clear liquid |
|
|
Term
| What type of immunity is given by a vaccination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immunity is given by an innoculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxin is inside bacteria and does not get released into the body until bacteria dies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxin that is released while bacteria is alive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Passive immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
Immunity after birth.
Can be either active or passive |
|
|
Term
| What is natural immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives active immunity - body will make own antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives passive immunity - antibodies are given |
|
|
Term
| Redness on the face (slapped face) is associated with this disease. |
|
Definition
| Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth's Disease) |
|
|
Term
| It is not a disease entity; it is a syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes pulse is out of porportion to the fever is associated with this condition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vaccines are given IM? |
|
Definition
1. DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)
2. Polio
3. Numococcal
4. Hep A |
|
|
Term
| Which vaccines are given SubQ? |
|
Definition
1. MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
2. Varicella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the middle ear with a rapid onset of the signs & symptoms of an acute infection. |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symtpoms of Otitis Media. |
|
Definition
1. Otalgia (earache)
2. Fever
3. Purulent dishcarge (otorrhea) may or
may not be present |
|
|
Term
| What is Otitis Media with Effusion? |
|
Definition
| Fluid in the middle ear without symptoms of acute infection |
|
|
Term
| When is antibiotic treatment started for a child with otitis media. |
|
Definition
| After 72 hours if fever has been present. |
|
|
Term
Antibiotic treatment for otitis media is started immediately for what age group?
Why? |
|
Definition
Infants < 6 months of age - (immature immune system)
Children < 2 yrs old with acute symptoms of fever & severe pain |
|
|
Term
| Ear drops are not a curative. Why are they given to children with otitis media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical incision of the eardrum |
|
|
Term
| When is a Myringotomy necessary? |
|
Definition
1. Alleviate pain of otitis media
2. Provide drainage of infected middle
ear fluid in the presence of
complications |
|
|
Term
| What is Tympanosotmy Tube Placement? |
|
Definition
| Procedure done under general anesthesia to insert pressure-equalizer (PE) tubes or grommets inside child's ears. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a Pressure-Equalizing (PE) tube or grommet? |
|
Definition
| Facilitates continued drainage of fluid in middle ear & allow ventilation of the middle ear. |
|
|
Term
| When are pressure-equalizing tubes or grommets removed from the child's ear? |
|
Definition
| The tubes usually fall out on their own. |
|
|
Term
| When should hearing tests be conducted on a child with otitis media? |
|
Definition
| Test should be performed 3 months after acute otitis media for hearing loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
General term applied to a symptom complex characterized by:
1. Hoarseness
2. A resonant cough (barking)
3. Varying degree of inspiratory
stridor
4. Varying degrees of respiratory
distress |
|
|
Term
| "Midnight Croup" or "Twilight Croup" is also known as: |
|
Definition
| Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis |
|
|
Term
| Why is Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis also called the "Midnight or Twilight Croup"? |
|
Definition
Signs and symptoms occur at night.
Child wakes suddenly with characteristic "barking" cough |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management for Acute Spasmotic Laryngitis? |
|
Definition
Moisture (cold/warm) in room helps relieve cough
Ipecac sometimes prescribed to induce vomiting. Child feels better after vomiting - (rid of mucous, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Croup can affect what parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| Larynx, trachea, & bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What is Laryngismus Stridulous? |
|
Definition
Larynx spasm that causes stridor
Child usually outgrows |
|
|
Term
| What are the benign (not serious) croup syndromes? |
|
Definition
1. Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis
2. Laryngismus Stridulous |
|
|
Term
| What are the serious croup syndromes? |
|
Definition
1. Acute Epiglottitis
2. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis
3. RSV (Respiratory Synctical Virus) |
|
|
Term
| What is Acute Epiglottitis? |
|
Definition
| Serious obstructive inflammation of the glottis |
|
|
Term
| Looks like a beefy red thumb is associated with this syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Acute Epiglottitis. |
|
Definition
1. Child insists on sitting upright & leaning forward with chin thrust out, mouth open, and tongue protruding
2. Drooling & saliva
3. Anxious & agitated
4. Froglike croaking on inspiration
5. Absence of spontaneous cough |
|
|
Term
| What should be readily available when examining a child with suspected acute epiglottitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of acute epiglottitis? |
|
Definition
May require endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy
Antibiotic therapy 7-10 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the smaller airways of bronchioles of the lung.
Infection of lower respiratory tract that usually affects infants. |
|
|
Term
| What is Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the mucosa lining of the larynx, tracheo, & bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Also known as "True Croup" |
|
Definition
| Acute Laryntracheobronchitis |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis? |
|
Definition
1. Inspiratory stridor
2. "Barking Cough"
3. Difficulty breathing
4. Thick secretions
5. Pallor
6. Yawning (if baby does - means lack of oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| What is (RSV) Respiratory Syncticial Virus? |
|
Definition
Most frequent lower respiratory tract infection
Broncchiole mucosa swell, & lumina are filled with mucous & exudate |
|
|
Term
What medication is given to treat children with RSV (Respiratory Syncticial Virus)?
How is it administered? |
|
Definition
1. Ribovirin
2. Given in a nebulizer |
|
|
Term
| What are the precautions that should be taken when using Ribovirin to treat a child with RSV (Respiratory Syncticial Virus)? |
|
Definition
Possibly toxic or teratogenic - pregnant healthcare workers should not care for a child receiving Ribovirin.
Distorts plastics (may distort contact lenses)
Shut off nebulizer & wait a few minutes before opening tent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune globulin given for RSV (Respiratory Syncticial Virus) |
|
|
Term
| Why should vaccine immunizations be deferred for 9 months after the last does of Respigam is given? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies in the immune globuin (Respigam) may interfere with the immune response of live virus vaccines. |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Respiratory Distress. |
|
Definition
1. Nasal flaring
2. Grunting (expiratory)
3. Stridor (inspiratory)
4. Head bobbing
5. Grimacing / retractions
6. nonproductive small coughs
7. Clubbed fingers
8. Cianosis - 5gm of total Hgb has to
be unoxygenated blood
9. Tachypnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells (mast cells, eosinophils, & T lymphocytes) play a role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Prolong expiration
2. Bilateral wheeze
3. Signs of respiratory distress
4. Air trapped in alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the warning signs that a child is developing Ashtma? |
|
Definition
1. Atopy - genetic predisposition
2. RAD - Reactive airways disease
3. Allergic rhinitis - (some do not have)
4. allergic shiners (dark circle around eyes)
5. long silky eyelashes (most have)
6. Geographic tongue - (light & dark area on tongue changes) |
|
|
Term
What are the four (4) components of Asthma?
Do all four (4) have to be present |
|
Definition
1. Edema & mucous
2. Bronchospasm
3. Inflammation
4. Airway reactivity or hyper-reactivity
No, all four components do not have to be present |
|
|
Term
| What NSAID medication is usually taken before exercise to prevent an ashtma attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What beta-adrenergic agonist medications are used for immediate care (acute exacerbation) of ashtma? |
|
Definition
| Albuterol, Metaproterenol, & Terbutaline |
|
|
Term
| What bronchodilator medication is used for long-term prvention of ashtma symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Salmeterol, Singulair, Advair |
|
|
Term
| What is "status asthmaticus" |
|
Definition
| Continous display of respiratory distress despite vigorous therapeutic measures |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of "status asthmaticus". |
|
Definition
1. Constant ashtma attacks
2. Talk test - can't finish a sentence
without taking a breath
3. ALOC - unresponsive, but awake -
(need medical attention) |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapeutic management of "status asthmaticus"? |
|
Definition
| Aimed at improvement of ventilation - patient may have to be chemically induced into a coma & intubated |
|
|
Term
| What is Hyperbilirubinemia? |
|
Definition
| Excessive level of accumulated bilirubin in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Hyperbilirubinemia is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| Jaundice - yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclerae, & nails |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal lab values of unconjugated bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of bilirubin must exceed ___________ in a newborn before jaundice is observable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jaundice present within 24 hours of birth is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unconjugated bilirubin is highly toxic to neurons. Infant with severe jaundice is at risk of developing: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A syndrome of severe brain damage resulting from the depostiion of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain cells |
|
|
Term
| Bilirubin Encephalopathy is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Kernicterus? |
|
Definition
1. Decreased reflexes
2. High-pitch cry
3. Lethargy |
|
|
Term
| Jaundice that does not appear until after 24 hours of birth is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic management of hyperbilirubinemia. |
|
Definition
1. Phototherapy
2. Exchange transfusion - generally
used for reducing dangerously high
bilirubin levels that occur within
hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of phototherapy to treat jaundice? |
|
Definition
| Light promotes bilirubin excretion by photoisomerization, which alters the structure of bilirubin to soluble from to easier excretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the minor side effects of phototherapy? |
|
Definition
1. losse, greenish stools
2. transient skin rashes
3. hyperthermia
4. increased metabolic rate
5. dehydration
6. electrolyte disturbance such as
hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis? |
|
Definition
| Abnormally rapid rate of RBC destruction in the newborn. |
|
|
Term
| Most severe form of erythroblastosis fetalis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most severe form of erythroblastosis fetalis
Progressive hemolysis causes fetal hypoxia, cardiac failure, generalized edema (anasarca), & effusions into the pericardial, pleural, & periotoneal spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most severe form of erythroblastosis fetalis
Progressive hemolysis causes fetal hypoxia, cardiac failure, generalized edema (anasarca), & effusions into the pericardial, pleural, & periotoneal spaces |
|
|
Term
| What is Rh incompatibility (isoimmunization)? |
|
Definition
| Mother has Rh negative blood and fetus has Rh positive blood. If fetus blood gets mixed with maternal blood, the mother's body builds up antibodies to the Rh positive. These antibodies return to fetus and causes hemolysis of fetus's RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is Rh incompatibility (isoimmunization)? |
|
Definition
| Mother has Rh negative blood and fetus has Rh positive blood. If fetus blood gets mixed with maternal blood, the mother's body builds up antibodies to the Rh positive. These antibodies return to fetus and causes hemolysis of fetus's RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common blood group incompatibiity in neonate? |
|
Definition
| Mother with O blood and infant has A or B blood |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of Erythroblastosis fetalis. |
|
Definition
1. Jaundice may appear within the first 24 hours of birth
2. Serum levels of bilirubin rise rapidly
3. Anemia results from hemolysis of large number of RBCs
4. Hypoglycemia may occur |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of choice for hyperbilirubinemia & hydrops caused by Rh incompatibility? |
|
Definition
| Exchange Transfusion - infant's blood is removed in small amounts (usually 5 to 10 ml at a time) within 15 to 20 secs, then the same volume of donor blood is infused over 60 to 90 secs |
|
|
Term
| What is Kawasaki Disease? |
|
Definition
Acute febrile vasculitis of unknown cause
Inflammation of all blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Child must have fever and at least four other criterias to be diagnosed with Kawasaki Disease. What are the diagnostic criteria for this disease? |
|
Definition
1. Fever for 5 or more days which is unresponsive to any treatment
2. Bilateral conjuctivial injection (inflammation) without exudation
3. Changes in oral mucous membranes such as: fissuring lips, erythema, sore throat, strawberry tongue
4. Changes in extremities such as:
peripheral edema; erythema of the palms & soles; peeling of hands & feet
5. Polymorphous rash
6. Cervical lymphadenophathy (at least one lymph node > 1.5cm) |
|
|
Term
| What is the confirming factor of diagnosis for Kawasaki Disease? |
|
Definition
| Periungual desquamation (peeling) of the fingers |
|
|
Term
| Principal area of involvement in Kawasaki Disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most serious complications of Kawasaki Disease: |
|
Definition
| Potential for myocardial infarction which generally results from throbotic occlusion of a coronary aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic management of Kawasaki Disease includes: |
|
Definition
| High-dose IV gamma globulin & salicylate (aspirin) therapy |
|
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Term
| If a child with Kawasaki Disease develops coronary artery abnormalities, this medication therapy will be continued indefinitely. |
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Definition
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