Term
| What day does implantation occur |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What day does the neural tube form |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most critical period of prenatal development |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the greatest risk factor for chromosomal aberrations |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetics of Turner Syndrome |
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Definition
| Only one sex chromosome (X) |
|
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Term
| Genetics of Fragile X syndrome |
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Definition
| Thin strand on one X (inheritable) |
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Term
| Which chromosome is involved in Retinoblastoma inheritance |
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Definition
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Term
| Inheritance pattern of corneal dystrophies |
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Definition
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Term
| Inheritance pattern of albinism |
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Definition
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Term
| Inheritance pattern of color vision defects |
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Definition
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Term
| At what time in development are the eyes most susceptible to teratogens |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Other (syphilis, hep B, coxsackie, Epstein Barr…)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus |
|
|
Term
| Most babies infected with toxoplasmosis are ____________________ at birth |
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Definition
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Term
| Some complications of toxoplasmosis in infants |
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Definition
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral calcifications
Microcephaly
deafness
seizures
chorioretinitis |
|
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Term
| Some complications of Congenital Rubella Syndrome |
|
Definition
Cataracts
Salt & Pepper retinopathy
sensorineural defects,
structural heart defects (PDA) |
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Term
| What may increase transmission risk of HSV |
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Definition
| If mother is newly exposed during her 3rd trimester |
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Term
| Visual sequelae of TORCH diseases |
|
Definition
Cortical Vision Impairment
Optic Atrophy |
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Term
| 3 complications of maternal fever during critical periods |
|
Definition
microphthalmos
CNS defects
Facial defects |
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Term
| Which maternal age has a higher risk for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia |
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Definition
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Term
| Which maternal age has a higher risk for gestational diabetes and hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
| Developmental defect that causes myelomeningocele (spina bifida) |
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Definition
| Failure of the neural tube to close, resulting in spinal cord malformation and complications |
|
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Term
| Most serious sequlae of spina bifida |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum that then blocks outflow of CSF |
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Definition
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Term
| Ocular sign of hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 factors of prematurity that affect survival, healthy and development |
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Definition
1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome can cause brain damage
2. Low body fat
3. Vulnerability to infection |
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Term
| Name 5 characteristics that are graded on the APGAR scale |
|
Definition
1. Heart Rate
2. Respiratory Effort
3. Muscle Tone
4. Skin Color
5. Reflex irritability |
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|
Term
| When are measurements for the APGAR score done |
|
Definition
| 1 and 5 minutes after delivery |
|
|
Term
| APGAR score that indicates critical condition |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Best possible APGAR score |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which antibody is passed from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately when is an infant's immune system fully developed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why have such a large percentage of parents been opting out of vaccinations for their children |
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Definition
| Vaccines were implicated in pervasive development disorders like autism (disproved) |
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Term
| What may increase the risk of severe side-effects due to vaccines |
|
Definition
| Simultaneous multiple vaccinations |
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Term
| Leading cause of death in infants after congenital anomalies |
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Definition
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the incidence of SIDS |
|
Definition
| Abnormalities in the ability of the brainstem to recycle serotonin |
|
|
Term
| 4 Physiological States in an Infant's Life |
|
Definition
1. Quiet, deep sleep
2. Active sleep
3. Alert wakefulness
4. Active crying |
|
|
Term
| At what age can infants discriminate similar speech sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do the senses of taste and smell reach their peak in infants |
|
Definition
| Peak in terms of acuity by one year |
|
|
Term
| What is dynamic perception in infants |
|
Definition
| Their ability to recognize novelty or changes/movement in the environment |
|
|
Term
| At what age do infants understand number concepts (basic addition and subtraction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the last stage of language development |
|
Definition
| Written expression (express thoughts in writing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single word that expresses a complete thought |
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|
Term
| When is stranger wariness first noticeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does social referencing appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the primary post-natal changes of the retina |
|
Definition
| Redistribution of the cells, expansion of the retinal periphery and significant foveal development |
|
|
Term
| When is the fovea fully mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age does synaptic density peak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Preferential Looking
Acuity expected at 6 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Preferential Looking
Acuity expected at 12 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Grating Acuity findings compare to Optotype acuity in patients with reduced acuity |
|
Definition
| Grating Acuity overestimates (results in 'better' acuity) |
|
|
Term
| Expected grating acuity at 24 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expected grating acuity at 1 month |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expected grating acuity at 3-4 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on the study done on the Pacific Acuity Test, the 2-figure forced choice design works for what age group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does PAT acuity compare to those find with Cardiff cards |
|
Definition
| PAT measures one line worse than Cardiff |
|
|
Term
| What is the ultimate way to determine resolution capability at the level of the visual cortex in non-verbal patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Visual Evoked Potential compare to Preferential Looking Acuities |
|
Definition
| VEP demonstrates much better acuity than PL |
|
|
Term
| At what age do we expect 20/20 using recognition acuities (Lea symbols) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare cone density in neonates vs adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the visual pathway fully myelinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Panum's area change with development |
|
Definition
| It gets smaller as the fovea becomes more sensitive to blur |
|
|
Term
| At what age do convergence responses reach normal, adult levels (6-10 cm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age can stereo be elicited in a clinical setting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age can children demonstrate 20 arc seconds of stereo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the term for the time frame in which deprivation or abnormal
experience can permanently alter the function of the neurological system |
|
Definition
| Critical Period for Susceptability |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the brain undergoes rapid expansion first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age does the Worth Light Test become viable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the development of normal binocular vision depend on |
|
Definition
| Foveal and cortical development |
|
|
Term
| Critical period for BV development |
|
Definition
| First 12 months, esp 3-9 months |
|
|
Term
| Average refractive error in infancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does gestational age (prematurity) correlate with refractive error |
|
Definition
| More premature=higher magnitudes of ametropia |
|
|
Term
| When does the process of emmetropization appear to end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 pre-reqs for succesful emmetropization |
|
Definition
Healthy ocular structures
Healthy environment
Operational Refractive range
Intact emmetropization mechanism |
|
|
Term
Hyperopia Research Findings
Significant loss of hyperopia between _ and _ mos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperopia Research Findings
Very little change in RE betweeen __ and __ month |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperopia Research Findings
Most RE between ___ and ___ by 18 mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperopia Research Findings
Very low prevalence of hyperopia after age _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ethnicity had the lowest incidence of hyperopia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 ethnicities that have higher incidence of myopia than in Caucasians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a trend of outdoor activities seem to affect the development of myopia |
|
Definition
| more hours outside seems to be protective |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 risk factors associated with development of myopia |
|
Definition
Hereditary
Intelligence
Near Work |
|
|
Term
| How may the ciliary muscle be different in myopes |
|
Definition
| Ciliary muscle may be thickened |
|
|
Term
| How does the rate of change of axial length in myopes compare to that of emmetropes around the time of myopia onset |
|
Definition
| Rate of increase in length is approx 3x faster in myopes than emmetropes |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary orientation of astigmatism in childhood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anisometropia greater than ____ tends to persist |
|
Definition
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