Term
| This structure is an air-filled, tissue-lined sinus that drains into the nose. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This structure contains a network of veins for the brain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These structures are the main blood supply to the brain. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This structure provides facial and eye sensation: |
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Definition
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Term
| This structure is where the optic nerves partially cross. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain _____ the optic chiasm. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This is a fluid that submerges the whole brain, providing mechanical protection and is important for distributing neuro-endocrines, as well as maintaining pressure on the brain: |
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Definition
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the: |
|
Definition
| Lateral ventricles and third ventricle |
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Term
| The pituitary gland sits in this structure, which causes pituitary tumors to grow upward. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary tumors may cause these complications, in addition to hormonal problems: |
|
Definition
| Blindness, block CSF flow |
|
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Term
| The hypothalamus links the _________ system to the _________ via the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The hypothalamus affects and regulates: |
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Definition
| BP, HR, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, body temperature, and the sleep/wake cycle |
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Term
| When BP is low, baroreceptors give signals to the hypothalamus which cause an increase in: |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone --> retain water, decrease urination, vasoconstriction --> increase BP |
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Term
| HYPOTHALAMUS release of this hormone may increase aldosterone: |
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Definition
| Corticotrophin releasing hormone. |
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Term
| The adenohypophysis is better known as the: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurohypophysis is better known as the: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary gland releases these two hormones: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These structures connect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary: |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins |
|
|
Term
| GHRH affects these anterior pituitary gland cells: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadotrophin Releasing Homone affects these anterior pituitary cells: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone affects these cell types: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone affects these anterior pituitary gland cell types: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are the five major homones released from the hypothalamus: |
|
Definition
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Somatostatin, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
|
Term
| GHRH stimulates the release of this anterior pituitary hormone: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The major targets for GH are: |
|
Definition
| Liver, bone, muscle, etc. |
|
|
Term
| This substance released from the liver has an inhibitory effect on GH secretion by stimulating somatostatin release from the hypothalamus: |
|
Definition
| IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) |
|
|
Term
| These peptides act as part of a GH negative feedback loop: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This substance found primarily in the stomach acts synergistically with GHRH to release GH. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin is secreted by the gastric fundal cells during the ______ state. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a GHRH analog: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This GHRH analog is indicated for GH deficiency when the somatotroph is intact: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sermorelin is indicated for: |
|
Definition
| GH deficiency when the somatotrohp is intact; GH deficiency diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| This is the major inhibitory peptide in the body: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin inhibits the release of ___ and ___ from the anterior pituitary, as well as ___ and ___ from the pancreas. |
|
Definition
| GH, TSH; insulin, glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin inhibits these gastrointestinal hormones: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach, as well as aiding in gastric motility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system that causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a synthetic analog of somatostatin: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Octreotide is used over natural somatostatin because: |
|
Definition
| It has a much longer half-life |
|
|
Term
| Octreotide is indicated to treat: |
|
Definition
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide tumors, metastatic carcinoid tumors, pituitary tumors, acromegaly, and thyrotropinomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibiting pituitary and gastric hormones, glucagons, insulin, and GH |
|
|
Term
| These hormones inhibit Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
|
|
Term
| This drug is a parenteral synthetic tripeptide that is identical to natural TRH: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To assess thyroid function |
|
|
Term
| If a person has hyperthyroidism and is given protirelin, what is the response? |
|
Definition
| A blunted response (i.e., Protirelin does nothing) |
|
|
Term
| If a patient with hypothyroidism is administered protirelin, what is the response? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate TSH --> increased levels of TSH |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of this anterior pituitary hormone: |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
| The target for adrenocorticotropic hormone is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone released from the adrenal gland inhibits hypothalamic and pituitary secrections of CRH and ACTH respectively: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of ACTH and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin releasing hormone has a synergistic effect with this hormone: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of this molecule by CRH may cause euphoria ("Runner's High"): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of these hormones: |
|
Definition
| Luteinizing hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
|
|
Term
| The gonadotropins act on: |
|
Definition
| The testes and ovaries (i.e. gonads) |
|
|
Term
| GnRH and LH/FSH release is inhibited by the release of ___ from the testes and ______ and _______ from the ovaries. |
|
Definition
| Testosterone; estrogen, progesterone |
|
|
Term
| This drug is a parenteral gonadotropin releasing hormone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonadorelin is clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
| Primary hypothalamic amenorrhea and infertility |
|
|
Term
| These 5 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland: |
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins (LH, FSH) |
|
|
Term
| GH stimulates the release of IGF-1 in the liver, which indirectly: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH acts directly on adipocytes, causing: |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis --> stimulates the release of fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| GH is controlled through negative feedback by: |
|
Definition
| IGF-1 --> stimulates somatostatin release |
|
|
Term
| GH secretion is described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potent stimulation of GH in children is a result of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH secretion is pulsatile to avoid: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a purified recombinant growth hormone by using either E. coli or mammalian cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatropin is used to treat: |
|
Definition
| Growth failure due to GH deficiency; cachexia and AIDS wasting |
|
|
Term
| Too little GH causes this disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with too much GH experience this disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adults with too much GH experience this disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin is released by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin is normally inhibited by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mammary gland developmen and milk production |
|
|
Term
| Prolactin secretion is stimulated by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During pregnancy, estrogen antagonizes: |
|
Definition
| Prolactin action in the breast |
|
|
Term
| The main stimulus for prolactin release is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prolactin releasing factors are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin inhibits the release of ___, which blocks ovulation/mences. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactin antagonizes the release of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolactinoma may lead to: |
|
Definition
| Hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, glactorrhea |
|
|
Term
| The treatment for hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea (Prolactinoma) is: |
|
Definition
| Bromocriptine/other DA agonists |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone is released by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid hormone Thyroxine is better known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine is better known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid hormones help regulate: |
|
Definition
| Metabolism, growth, development, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone is released by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the physiological symptoms of an corticotroph tumor is: |
|
Definition
| Darkened skin due to increased levels of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) |
|
|
Term
| The gonadotropins are relased by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The target organs for the gonadotropin hormones are the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structures of LH and FSH share these same structural characteristics: |
|
Definition
| Dimers with identical alpha subunits |
|
|
Term
| LH stimulates the release of: |
|
Definition
| Testosterone and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| LH stimulates this process: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates the maturation of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hormone is critical for spermatogenesis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This class of pharmaceutical agents may be used to treat amenorrhea, infertility, endometriosis, and uterine fibroid: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To stimulate ovulation for in vitro fertilization |
|
|
Term
| GnRH antagonists are used to: |
|
Definition
| Improve implantation and pregnancy (suppress LH surge) |
|
|
Term
| These hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The release of oxytocin causes: |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the uterine smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| The release of oxytocin causes: |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the uterine smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH binds to V1 receptorscausing: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH binds to V2 receptors causing: |
|
Definition
| Increased water resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH increases the expression of: |
|
Definition
| Water channels in the apical membrane |
|
|
Term
| ADH stimulates the expression of this water channel: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive secretion of ADH may cause this disease: |
|
Definition
| Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH is caused by: |
|
Definition
| Excessive secretion of ADH |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH may cause these symptoms: |
|
Definition
| Ectopic secretion of ADH (carcinoma in the lung), hypertension, and excessive fluid retention |
|
|
Term
| Deficient secretion of ADH may cause this disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by: |
|
Definition
| Sensitivity of the kidney to ADH |
|
|
Term
| These drugs block the release of ADH causing a higher volume of urine output: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess ADH may cause this electrolyte imbalance: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a synthetic drug that mimics the action of ADH: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmopressin is clinically used: |
|
Definition
| To reduce urine production in central diabetes insipidus patients; used to treat bedwetting in children |
|
|
Term
| This tetracycline antibiotic is used to treat patients with hyponatremia due to excessive secretion of ADH: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the adverse effects for demeclocycline is________, which makes it useful for treating Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH. |
|
Definition
| Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin is released mainly after: |
|
Definition
| Distension of the cervix and vagina during labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uterine contraction, letdown reflex in lactating mothers |
|
|
Term
| This synthetic hormone is used to induce labor: |
|
Definition
|
|
