Term
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Definition
substance that alters an EXISTING physiological or biochemical process
used in diagnostics, treatment, or prevention of a disease |
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Term
| What does gene therapy do? |
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Definition
| impart new function in cells/tissues |
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Term
| What are two types of non traditional therapies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
the discription of interactions that occur between a drug and its receptor
eventually lead to the actions of the drug |
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Term
| What does binding to more than one intended receptor cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compounds with known structures that are used as bases for building drugs |
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Term
| What is molecular modeling? |
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Definition
designing structures that fit with receptors
ex-"plug" drugs that are more affinitive toward virus than body recptors |
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Term
| How many years and how much does it cost to get a drug to the market? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical name of a drug? |
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Definition
depicts chemical structure
useful to only trained individuals |
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Term
| What is the generic name? (non proprietary) |
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Definition
no linked to any manufacturer
USAN and WHO approved
not capitalized |
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Term
| What is the brand name? (proprietary) |
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Definition
aka trade name
selected by manufacturing company and copyrighted
can have many brand names per generic |
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Term
| Who assigns the international non proprietary name? |
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Definition
WHO :P
-world health organization |
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Term
| Which groups make up the USAN? U.S adopted name council |
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Definition
| AMA, USP, APhA, FDA, and one member at large |
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Term
| What does the FDA have authority over concerning drug labeling? |
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Definition
| every written piece of information |
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Term
| What is a -barb stem name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a -cillin stem name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a -cycline stem name? |
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Definition
| tetracycline derivative antibiotic |
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Term
| What is a -oxacin stem name? |
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Definition
| quinolone derivative antibiotic |
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Term
| What is a -vastatin stem name? |
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Definition
| cholesterol(lipid) lowering |
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Term
| How many syllables can a drug name have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| by binding to a receptor and then boosting or blocking activity |
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Term
| What are the four physio chemical properties? |
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Definition
crystal form
solubility
partition coefficient(lipophilicity)
ionization (pKa) |
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Term
| What two things must a drug do to be effective? |
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Definition
reach site of action
interact with target long enough |
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Term
| What are anatomical barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chemical barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are biochemical barriers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substances added to provide desired characteristics |
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Term
| What are the three characteristics of a good drug? |
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Definition
1) effective release (good absorption & strong activity)
2) stable over a long period of time and shelf life
3) appealing (little side effects, frequency of dosing) |
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Term
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Definition
a process by which a compound goes from the solid state to a solution in a solvent
this is the first step of absorption for drugs |
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Term
| What happens simultaneously during dissolution? |
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Definition
solute particles separate
solvent particles separate
formation of solute-solvent interactions |
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Term
| What are the two forms of solid compounds? |
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Definition
| crystalline and amorphous |
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Term
| Differentiate crystalline and amorphous solids. |
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Definition
Crystalline-regular, repetitive arrangement, symmetrical crystal lattice, strong intramolecular bonds
Amorphous- irregular, no crystal lattice, no symmetry, weak intramolecular bonds |
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Term
| Which form of Insulin is good for intermediate acting injection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of Insulin is good for long acting injection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance that can have more than one amorphous form |
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Term
| What is characteristic of stable polymorphs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is characteristic of high energy polymorphs? |
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Definition
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Term
| How likely is it for an unstable polymorph to revert back to stable insoluble polymorph? |
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Definition
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Term
| Was form 1 or form 2 of ritonavir insoluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four molecular interactions discussed? |
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Definition
Van der Waals
Dipole-Dipole
Ionic attractions
Ion-Dipole |
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Term
| Describe Van der Waals attractions |
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Definition
weakest
electrostatic
between NONpolar portions of molecules |
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Term
| Describe Dipole-Dipole interactions |
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Definition
results from unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond within each molecule in the interaction
hydrogen bonding is a type of dipoledipole |
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Term
| Describe ionic attractions |
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Definition
attraction of oppositely charged atoms
inorganic molecules and salts of organic molecules |
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Term
| Describe Ion-Dipole interactions |
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Definition
Cation/anion will bind to oppositely charged part of organic molecule
most important bonding for dissolving organic salts(drugs) |
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Term
| What forms when a base and acid are mixed? |
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Definition
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Term
Give the dissolution rate equation.
Identify components D,A,S,C,S-C,H |
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Definition
Rate=DxA(S-C)/H
D=diffusion Coefficient
A=surface area
S=drug solubility
C=concentration
S-C= concentration gradient
H=diffusion layer thickness |
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Term
| How do you calculate intrinsic solubility? |
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Definition
| K=conc in soln/conc in solid |
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Term
| If a compound has a lot of polar groups(polar solvent) what is its K value like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things does intrinsic solubility depend on? |
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Definition
| chemical structure, solid-state structure, and solution temperature |
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Term
| What kind of solvents cant solvate(& break apart covalent bonds) molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three things happen when dissolving in water? |
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Definition
break intermolecular bonds
break intramolecular bonds
hydrogen bonding occurs |
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Term
| Which kind of bonding is important for monofunctional(one functional group) groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of bonding is important for poly functional groups? |
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Definition
INTRAmolecular and INTERmolecular bonding
*the multiple functional groups on the same compound interact with each other while the compound interacts with another compound |
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Term
How do you use the Empiric method to predict solubility?
**do we need to know chart saying how much each type of functional group can solvate?** |
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Definition
by using certain functional groups to estimate how many carbons it can make soluble.
*polyfunctional groups are added together to give total amount of carbons |
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Term
| How do you use the Analytical method for predicting solubility? |
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Definition
based on partioning of drug between octanol and water
-more accurate the empirical
logP= conc in octanol/ conc in water
sum TT values=logp |
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Term
| What are the steps of the Analytical method? |
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Definition
1)identify fragments
2)add pi values
3)plug in for log p |
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Term
What is the solubility if...
- logP>.5
-logP<.5 |
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Definition
-logP>.5= water insoluble
-logP<.5=water soluble |
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Term
| What range do you want the logP of drugs to be in? |
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Definition
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Term
| The higher the logP the more _________ it is. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two forms of amphiphillic compounds? |
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Definition
| miscelles(tails in heads out) and bi-layers |
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Term
| Do ion-dipole interactions increase or decrease water solubility? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define a bronsted lowry acid. |
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Definition
| a substance that donates a proton |
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Term
| Define a bronsted lowry base. |
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Definition
| a substance that accepts a proton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ionization constant K represent? |
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Definition
| Concentration of each ionized form |
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Term
| How do you calculate Ka? Kw? |
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Definition
Ka=(A-)(H+)/(HA) ionized over unionized
Kw=[H+][OH-] |
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Term
What is the pH and H+ conversion
**same for pka and Ka |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of the concentration of protons [H+] |
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Term
| What kind of acid/base is always in its ionized form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of acid/base form a conjugate base/acid and has ionization dependent on the pH of the solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of acids/bases have ionization equations that are reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a higher Ka and lower pKa mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a lower Ka and higher pKa mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in conjugate bases for strong and weak acids? |
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Definition
Stong acids=weak conj bases(do not accept protons)
Weak acids=strong conj bases that readily accept protons to convert back to the acid form |
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Term
| What is aspirin a stong/weak acid/base? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is benzocaine a strong/weak acid/base? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four advantages of forming a salt? |
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Definition
easier to crystallize
more stable
dissolve faster
easier to handle |
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Term
| What is the most common acidic functional group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common basic functional group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are acidic monovalent salts? acidic Multivalent salts? |
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Definition
Monovalent have a +1 charge (Na, K)
Multivalent have more then +1 (Mg, Al) |
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Term
| What are common salts of basic drugs? |
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Definition
Inorganic salts (hydrochlorides, sulfates)
Sugar salts (gluconates) |
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Term
| Are salts with complex amines like procaine and benzathine water soluble? |
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Definition
| no they are insoluble in water |
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Term
| Are salts with fatty acids like stearate water soluble? |
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Definition
| no they are insoluble in water |
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Term
| What are the requirements for calcium carbonate? |
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Definition
acidic pH for absorption
must be taken with meal |
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Term
| What are the requirements for Calcium Citrate? |
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Definition
no specific pH
full or empty stomach |
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Term
| What are the requirements for Calcium gluconate, lactate, and phosphate? |
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Definition
| must take a large amount due to the little calcium content |
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Term
| Give the henderson hasselback equation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a substance that ionizes in solution
-conducts electricity |
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Term
| What kind of electrolytes are strong acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of electrolytes are weak acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are most drugs strong or weak acids and bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the general normal conditions of pH in the body? |
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Definition
| pH is very stable in the blood and tissue but can vary between organs |
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Term
| What is the total physiological pH range? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pH range in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pH range in the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pH in the lungs and blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Weak acids have higher solubility at ______ pH in the ______ while weak bases have higher solubility at ______ pH in the ______. |
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Definition
1)high... small intestine
2)low... stomach |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a drug ionizing? |
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Definition
-dissolve faster
-higher s(solubility) values
-better dissolution
-more drug available |
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Term
| What are the components of an acidic buffer? |
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Definition
weak acid and its salt
ex- acetic acid and sodium acetate |
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Term
| What are the components of a basic buffer? |
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Definition
weak base and its salt
ex-ammonia and ammonium chloride |
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Term
| What is the purpose of biological buffers? |
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Definition
to prevent drugs from changing the pH of the physiological environment
the pH does not change but the concentrations of the ionized and unionized do |
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Term
| What are two examples of biological buffers? |
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Definition
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Term
| If pH=pKa then what is the ratio of ionized to unionized? |
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Definition
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Term
| If pH>pKa then what is the ratio of ionized to unionized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Do changes in pH close to the drugs pKa value affect ionization? |
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Definition
if <2 units away yes
variations of pH far from the pKa dont affect it |
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Term
| If the pH value is less than or equal to the value of the pKa minus 4 of a weak acid what is the ionization? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the pH value is greater than or equal to the value of the pKa plus 4 of a weak base what is the ionization? |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at the activity question at the end of physiochemical properties IV |
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Definition
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