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| Cardiovascular system consists of 4 things... |
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Definition
Heart Vasculature cells plama |
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| two cappillary beds in series |
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| 3 examples of portal systems |
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Definition
1. hepatic portal system 2. hypothalmic-hypophsyeal portal system 3. nephrons of the kidneys |
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highest pressure in the systemic circuit lowest pressure |
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Definition
high=aorta, systemic arteries low=venae cavae This helps to make sure that blood flows in one direction in the systemic circuit |
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| Three parameters for fluid resistance |
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Definition
1. Tube length (l) 2.Tube radius (r) 3. Fluid viscosity (n) eta =constants for diff. fluids |
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Definition
R = 8Ln / pi r ^4 In humans it equals 1/r^4 |
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| of three Resistance parameters which one is the main determinant of in resistance |
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Definition
Resistance Length and Viscosisty both remain relatively constant |
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| Total blood flow is proportional to... |
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Definition
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Term
Nicknames for Right AV? Left AV? |
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Definition
Tricuspid, Right atrioventricular valve Mitral, Bi cuspid |
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Term
| Cardiac Muscle fibers are held together in two ways |
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Definition
Desmosomes-provide at single stress point Gap junctions=intercalated disks |
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| Myocardial Contractile cells stable membrane potential = |
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Definition
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| two pathways that are regulated by NE and E binding to Beta-1 receptors, that get phosporylated/activated |
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Definition
1.phosphorylated voltage gated Ca2+ channels, increased probability of opening, more Calcium enters the cell 2. Phospholamban, concentrates more Ca2+ in the SR. increases the activity of the Ca2+ ATPase clears intercellular calcium faster, to prepare for next contraction |
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Definition
| the sum of the electrical potentials generated by all heart cells at any moment. |
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Definition
| depolarization of the atria |
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Definition
| progressive wave of ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
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Definition
| Repolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
| Due to mechanical lagging slightly behind electical signal atrial contraction begins... |
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Definition
| in the latter P wave, continues during P-R segment |
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Term
| Due to mechanical lagging slightly behind electical signal Ventricular contraction begins... |
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Definition
| just after the Q wave continues through S-T segment |
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Definition
>100 beats/minute Fast heart rate |
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Definition
slow heart rate <60 beats/minute |
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| If there is not a subsequent QRS complex following each P wave it is most likely... |
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Definition
| AV blockage problem, or bundle of his |
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Definition
di- time during which cardiac muscle relaxes sys-time during which cardiac muscle contracts |
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Term
| looking at an EKG what do you count to calculate heart rate? |
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Definition
| QRS complex: where the blood is actually pumping |
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Term
| Isovolumic ventricular contraction |
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Definition
Ventricles contract but AV and semilunar valves are all closed, so the blood doesn't go anywhere. Blood volume remains the same, Pressure builds |
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction |
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Definition
indicator of total blood flow through circulation Amount of blood pumped per ventricle per unit time (L/min) average is about 5L/min *doesn't describe blood distribution throughout tissues. |
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| Average adult resting heart rate |
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Definition
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Term
| if you block all autonomic input intrinsic SA depolarization rate... means? |
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Definition
| 90-100bpm, parasympathetic has greater role in resting heart rate, always has its brakes on |
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Term
| Frank Starling's laws fo' the heart |
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Definition
1. Stretch (sarcomere length) is proportional to EDV 2. Force is proportional to stroke volume 3. Heart Contracts more forcefully as additional blood enters the heart. |
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Definition
| amount of blood that enters the heart from venous circulation |
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Definition
| degree of myocardial stretch created by venous return |
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Definition
| drugs that increase the force of contraction (catecholamines and digitalis) |
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Term
| Blocking Na+/K+ ATPase Activity? |
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Definition
| keeps sodium inside of the cell, makes Ca2+/Sodium antiport exchanger less effective, keeps intercellular calcium lvls high and INCREASES contractile prop. |
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Term
| Extrafusal Muscle fibers innervated by |
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Definition
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Term
Muscle spindels? innervated by? |
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Definition
Specialized sensory muscle fibers innervated by gamma motor neurons |
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Term
| Three types of sensory receptors in skeletal muscle |
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Definition
1. Muscle Spindles 2. Golgi Tendon organs 3. joint Capsule mechanoreceptors (propiceptors) |
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| Spindles send what information to CNS? |
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Definition
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| Modified muscle fibers lacking myofibrils in center |
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Definition
| Resting muscle contraction |
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| Conscious movement innervation |
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Definition
| alpha and gamma coactivation |
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Definition
| mechanoreceptor, stretch receptors at the junction between tendons and muscle fibers |
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Term
| Golgi tendons respond best to... |
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Definition
| contraction, but also to stretch |
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Definition
| collection of nervous pathways controlling a single joint |
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Definition
when one muscle in antagonistic pair contracts the other muscle must relax (be inhibited) *This is due to divergent neurons in the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| polysynaptic reflex pathway, pull limb away from nocious stimulus |
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Term
| movement can be clasified as three things |
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Definition
1. reflex 2. voluntary 3. rythmic |
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Term
| Three things needed for voluntary movements (the most complex type) |
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Definition
1.Cerebral cortx 2. Cerebellum 3. basal ganglia |
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| Cerebellar input used for... |
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Definition
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Definition
combination of reflex and voluntary movements iniated and terminated by cerebral input |
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| Visceral mucle contraction usually controlled... |
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