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the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body. Metabolism can be divided into
catabolic- break down large chemicals and release energy
anabolic- build up large chemicals and require energy |
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| The acquisition of food and other raw materials |
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| The process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body |
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| The passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper. Absorbed molecules pass through cells lining the digestive tract by diffusion or active transport |
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| The circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues |
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| The building up of new tissues from digested food materials |
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| The consumption of oxygen by the body. Cells use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP, a ready source of energy for cellular activities |
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| The removal of waste products (such as carbon dioxide, water and urea) produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation |
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| The creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism) |
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| The control of physiological activities. The body's metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment. This is known as homeostasis and includes regulation by hormones and the nervous system. Irritability is the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation. |
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| An increase in size caused by a synthesis of new materials |
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| The process by which plants convert CO2 and H2o into carbohydrates. Sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction |
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| The generation of additional individuals of a species. |
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| Elements that compose all living things |
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
trace- magnesium, iodine, iron, calcium
compononts of protoplasm- the substance of life |
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| Carbohydrates (elements, use) |
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| composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 storage forms of energy or structural molecules |
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| Glucose, Fructose, Galactose |
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| Maltose, Sucrose. 2 Monosac's joined by dehydration synthesis(loss of water molecule) |
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| polymers- chains of repeating monosac's. Glycogen, starch |
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| composed of C, H and O. H:O ratio much greater than 2:1 they have much more H than O. Lipids have 3 fatty acids bonded to a single glycerol backbone. Fatty acids have a long carbon chain (hydrophobic. carboxylic acid groups make them acidic. 3 dehydration reactions are needed to form 1 fat molecule. they do not form polymers |
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| contain glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing alcohol. |
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| esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols. |
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| have 3 fused cyclohexane rings, one fused cyclopentane ring. Include cholesterol, the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen and corticosteroids |
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| fatty acid like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and 6 membered carbon rings at each end. pigments produces colors in plants and animals. subgroups- carotenes and xanthophylls |
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| tetrapyrroles, 4 joined pyrrole rings. often complexed with a metal. ex. heme complexes with Fe in hemoglobin, chlorophyll complexed with mg |
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| composed primatily of C, H, O and N may also contain phosphorus and sulfur. Polimers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds through dehydration reactions. |
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| protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) |
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Definition
primary- sequence of AA's
secondary- based on H bonds btwn AA's results in B-pleated or A-helices
tertiary-3d structure based on R-group interactions btwn adjacent molecules
quaternary- interaction and joining of 2 or more independent polypeptide chains |
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| composed entirely of AA's |
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| primarily globular in nature. functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes |
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| fibrous in nature and act as a structural protein plus at least one nonprotein fraction |
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| simple protein portion plus at least one nonprotein fraction |
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| proteins bound to carbohydrate |
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| proteins bound to pigment molecules |
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| proteins bound around a metal ion |
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| proteins containing histon or protamine (nuclear protein) bound to nucleic acids |
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| proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into the circulation. Insulin and ACTH are protein hormones |
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| biological catalysts that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions (amylast lipase, ATPase) |
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| These contribute to the physical support of a cell or tussue. They may be extracellular (collagen in cartilage, bone, tendon) or intracellular (proteins in cell membranes) |
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| These are carriers of important materials (hemaglobin carries oxygen, cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration |
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| bind to foreign particles (antigens) including disease causing organisms that have entered the body |
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