Term
| What is the largest gland of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| List some functions of the liver. |
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Definition
1. Rids the body of harmful substances
2. Excrete drug metabolites
3. Store nutrients absorbed across gut wall
4. Supply most of the plasma proteins
5. Makes bile
6. Filters blood |
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Term
| What does the first phase of bile secretion contain, and in what %? |
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Definition
1. Bile acids = 65%
2. Cholesterol = 4%
3. Phosopholipids = 20%
4. Bilirubin = 0.3%
5. Protein = 0.5% |
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Term
| Substances secreted form the liver get secreted into the ____________ then into the __________. |
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Definition
Bile canaliculi
Bile ducts |
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Term
| What gives bile its yellowish color? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the bile is in the bile duct, it mixes with the _____________ component of the bile that is secreted from the epithelial cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 2nd phase of bile secretion, both _______ and ______ have similar [M+] to that of plasma where. |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithelial cells in the 2nd phase of bile secretion have ______ localized in hepatocytes, with a greater [M+] of ____________ than the plasma and a lower __________ than the plasma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretory activity of the epithelial cells in the 2nd phase of bile secretion are stimulated by _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Epithelial cell secretion of aqueous contents account for 50% of the total volume of bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| From the bile duct, the bile flows into the _____________ and then into the _____________. |
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Definition
Hepatic duct
common bile duct |
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Term
| Bile secreted by the liver can flow to the ____________ and does flow into the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much bile can the gallbladder hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the gall bladder epithelium cells do to the bile? |
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Definition
| Extracts salt and water so it concentrates the bile contents. |
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Term
| What things can the gall bladder absorb from the bile? |
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Definition
1. Na
2. Cl
3. HCO3
4. Water |
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Term
| By what fold does the gall bladder increase the bile acid concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does gall bladder emptying occur? |
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Definition
| When the walls of the gall bladder contract thus force the bile thru the Sphincter of Oddi into the deudonum. |
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Term
| _____________ is the most potent stimulus for emptying the gall baldder. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much bile enters the duodenum each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main function of bile acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| When bile acids emulsify fats, what do they increase? |
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Definition
| The surface area available to lipolytic enzymes |
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Term
| Bile acids form _____________ with the products of lipid digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does forming micelles with bile acids enhance? |
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Definition
| The absorption of lipids by the epithelial cells in the terminal ileum. |
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Term
| What chemical property of bile acids allows them to form micelles in solution? |
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Definition
It is amphipathic
(has hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside regions) |
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Term
| Primary bile acids are synthesized by the _______________ from ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: 50% of cholesterol is eliminated from the body by making bile acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of circulating bile acids are conjugated with ___________ or ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Transcellular transport of bile acids require specialized transporters. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by enterohepatic circulation? |
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Definition
| The entire bile pool is recirculated 2 or more tiems in response to a typical meal. |
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Term
| Where are bile acids absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria in the ileum and colong ______________ and ______________ bile acids to make secondary bile acids. |
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Definition
Deconjugate
Dehydroxylate |
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Term
| By deconjugating and dehydroxylating bile acids, the polarity is _________ thus the lipid solubility is ______________ and enhances there absorption by simple diffusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does bile acids leave the intestine? |
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Definition
Leaves in the portal blood
(bound to albumin in plasma) |
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Term
| What extracts bile acids from the portal blood and also resecretes it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bile acid in portal blood inhibits synthesis of _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stimulation of bile acid secretion is called _____________________. |
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Definition
| Choleretic effect of bile acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that enhance bile acid secretion |
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Term
| What % of bile acids escape absorption and is excreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Bile acid lost into the feces are the only significatn source of cholesterol excretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if there is an excess of cholesterol in the bile? |
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Definition
Can be solubilized in micelles.
Bile is now supersaturated with cholesterol
Crystals of cholesterol form in the bile
=
cholesterol gallstones |
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Term
| Where can cholesterol gallstones form? |
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Definition
In the duct system of the liver
or
the gallbladder |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of bile salts in the blood and a deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen.
Decreased bile flow thru the canaliculi |
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Term
| What is bilirubin a product of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bilirubin is released in the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which specific moeity of Hb is converted to Bilirubin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What removes bilirubin from the blood and what does it then conjugate with to form what? |
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Definition
Hepatocytes
Conjugates with glucuronic acid to borm bilirubin glucuronides |
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Term
| Where are bilirubin glucuronides secreted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Colonic bacteric converts bilirubin to _______________, which can then be absorbed into the blood, excreted in urine, or taken up by hepatocytes to be resecreted into bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up bile pigment gallstones? |
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Definition
| Calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin |
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Term
| Conjugated bilirubin is _____________ so does not form salts. |
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Definition
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Term
| In liver disease, why may the bile contain elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin? |
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Definition
| Because hepatocytes are deficient in forming the bilirubin glucuronides. |
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Term
| What things does the Duedoenal epithelial cells secrete? |
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Definition
1. Mucus
2. Aqueous component (close to plasma) |
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Term
| How much does the intestine secrete in a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| ________________ lines the columnar epithelial cells of the S.I. and secretes mucus. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: During normal digestion, aqueous secretion is made by the epithelial cells faster than the rate of fluid absorption by the S.I. |
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Definition
| False; it's at a rate slower than the the rate of fluid absorption by the S.I. |
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Term
| There are also goblet cells in the colon that secrete mucus. The aqueous component of colon secretion is rich in ____________ and ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of agents stimulate colon secretion? |
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Definition
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