Term
| Dry mouth scientific name? |
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Definition
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Term
| What classes of drugs are more likely to cause Xerostomia? |
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Definition
1. Antidepressants
2. Psychotropics
3. Hypertensives |
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Term
| Xerostomia can be genetic or autoimmune. Which autoimmune disease targets the salivary glands and causes Xerostomia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What difficulties occur with dry mouth? |
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Definition
1. Hard to talk
2. Hard to wallow
3. Bad oral hygiene (saliva usually cleans inside mouth) |
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Term
| ________________ is difficulty swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
| What things can cause Dysphagia? |
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Definition
1. Neurological diseases such as Parkinsons
2. Abnormalities in the any part of the swallowing reflex
3. Structural abnormalities
4. Secondary to the lack of saliva
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Term
| What risks are associated with Dysphagia? |
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Definition
1. Chocking
2. Malnutrition |
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Term
| Peptic Ulcer disease includes ulcerations of these 2 types: ______________and _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does PUD cause the breakdown of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bacteria is associated with PUD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of medicine can cause PUD? |
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Definition
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Term
| An excess secretion of acid can lead to PUD. What syndrome causes this excess and leads to PUD? |
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Definition
| Zollinger Ellison Syndrome |
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Term
| What does GERD stand for? |
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Definition
| Gastroesophagel Reflux Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The backflow of gastric contents into the distal esophagus. |
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Term
| What is the treatment option for GERD? |
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Definition
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Term
| PPIs can be used to treat what types of diseases? |
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Definition
1. PUD
2. GERD
3. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
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Term
| Provide 2 examples of some motor disorders fo the esophagus. |
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Definition
1. Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax
2. LES doesnt work properly so permits reflux of acid from stomach into the esophagus. |
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Term
| What things/conditions impair gastric emptying? |
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Definition
1. Pyloric Stenosis
2. Gastroparesis
3. Vomiting |
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Term
| What is Pyloris Stenosis and why does it affect gastric empyting? |
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Definition
1. It is a congenital condition
2. Occurs in 1/150 birhts and more common in boys
3. An inability of the Pylorus to relax properly so cant get all contents to the rest of GI system
4. Leads to regurgitation of nonbilious vomit |
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Term
| T/F: With Gastroparesis the gastric empyting is impaired/delayed due to an obstruction. |
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Definition
False; there is no evidence of obstruction.
Might be due to another disease/condition, injures from treatments, and Rx. |
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Term
| Which medications cause Gastroparesis? |
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Definition
1. AntiCholingerics
2. Opiates |
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Term
| List some symptoms of Gastroparesis. |
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Definition
1. Vomiting
2. Early Satiety
3. Bloating
4. Upper ab discomfort
5. Nausea |
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Term
| If there is no gastric emptying then what things can occur? |
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Definition
Leads to the inability to absorb nutrients and electrolytes because it is not reaching the SI jejunum where most of absorption occurs.
Malnutrition
Dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools at an increased frequency |
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Term
| What are some causes of diarrhea? |
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Definition
1. Infectious agents = 90%
2. Rx, toxic ingestions, ischemia, EtOH = 10% |
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Term
| What is the duration of diarrhea in Acute, Persistent, and Chronic? |
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Definition
Acute < 2 weeks
Persistent 2-4 wks
Chronic > 4 weeks |
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Term
| With Travelers Diarrhea, E.Coli is the main cause. There is a disregulation of Cl-. The Toxin resembles _____________ which causes an increase in cGMP. This is called _________. |
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Definition
Guanylin
Molecular Mimicry |
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Term
| ______________ is a severe secretory diarrheal disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Cholera lead to severe diarrhea? |
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Definition
| The Vibrio Cholerae bacteria secretes a toxin that irreversibly binds and enters the intestinal epithelial cells. The toxin then activates Gs-Gprotein so leads to an increase in cAMP. This leads to the secretion of many ions and H2O into the lumen of the SI. |
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Term
| How can Cholera result in death and how do we prevent/treat complications? |
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Definition
With the severe diarrhea you can lose up to 20L of H2O a day, which can lead to severe dehydration.
Oral rehydration of ions and water. Administer a glucose and Saline solution. |
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Term
| T/F: Lactose Intolerance can cause diarrhea. |
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Definition
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Term
| For those who are Lactose Intolerant, they have a ____________ level of _____________ enzyme which causes an inability to _______________. |
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Definition
decreased
Lactase
Digest Lactose |
|
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Term
| When is there a high expression of Lactase enzyme? |
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Definition
At birth,
Decreases with age |
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Term
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Definition
| A pathological decrease in bowel movements |
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Term
| T/F: Constipation occurs more frequently in young children. |
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Definition
False; incidence increases with age.
30-40% of persons > 65 yro experience this |
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Term
| What disorder is from an Fe2+ deficiency? |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If you have Hemosiderin (high # of Fe2+ in body) then what tissue damages can occur? |
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Definition
1. Pigmentation of the skin
2. Pancreatic damage (in DM peeps)
3. Cirrhosis of the liver |
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Term
| Disorders of Fe2+ uptake can also be due to Heredity. Give a mutation and how it affects the Fe uptake. |
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Definition
| A HFE mutation leads to an excess absorption of Iron. It is more common in White and can also be due to Xs EtOH. |
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Term
| T/F: Iron Deficiency leads to Hemochormatosis. |
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Definition
| False; an Iron overload with a HFE mutation that absorbs Xs # of Fe leads to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of bile is impired or bile flow is obstructed |
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Term
| ___________ can obstruct bile flow and lead to Cholestasis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can happen to the liver with Cholestasis and why does it occur? |
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Definition
| Atrophy of the liver can occur due to the increased toxicity. |
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Term
| What is Hyperbilirubinemia? |
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Definition
| Accumulation of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in the blood. |
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Term
| What does Hyperbilirubinemia result in? |
|
Definition
Yellowness of skin, sclera and mucous membranes.
Leads to Jaundice |
|
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Term
| What things can cause Hyperbilirubinemia? |
|
Definition
1. Cirrohosis of the liver
2. Increased breakdown of red blood cells that create an increase in biliburin in the blood.
3. Cholestatsis |
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Term
| Hepatitis refers to liver disorders in which _________________ lasts for at least ___________ months. (Varying causes and severity) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Fibrosis is irreversible. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the causes for Hepatitis? |
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Definition
1. Viral
2. Chronic EtOH use |
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Term
| What 2 terms refer to deposition of excess collagen in the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes cirrhosis of the liver? |
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Definition
| Chronic EtOH use causes Kupffer cells to produce excess cytokines. Stellate cells then produce lots of collagen. |
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Term
| What does Cirrhosis result in? |
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Definition
| It reduces the hepatic mass which compresses RBCs and decreases the blood flow to the liver. |
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Term
| _________________ is an alteration in mental status and cognitive function that occurs with liver failure. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of Gallstones that can form? |
|
Definition
1. Cholesterol Gallstones
2. Bile Pigment Gallstones |
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Term
| What leads to the formation of cholesterol gallstones in the liver/gallbladder? |
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Definition
| If more cholestrol is present in the bile then the bile is supersaturated with cholesterol and crystals form in the bile. |
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Term
| What do Bile Pgiment Gallstones consist of? |
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Definition
| Calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin |
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Term
| What does Cystic Fibrosis a result of? |
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Definition
| A disease resulting from mutations in the gene that encodes the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. |
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Term
| CF leads to an inadequate regulation of ____________ and others. |
|
Definition
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Term
| CF is a monogenic disorder that presents as a multisystem disease that is characterized by _______________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
Exocrine Pancreatic dysfunction
Intestinal dysfunction |
|
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Term
| CF causes an overproduction of ______________, because Cl- is coupled to HCO3-. |
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Definition
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Term
| When does small bowel bacterial overgrowth occur? |
|
Definition
When there is an abnormal motility or obstruction
"Stagnant Loop System" |
|
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Term
| With the overgrowth of bacteria in the small bowel, what things can occur? |
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Definition
1. Fermentation of Carbohydrates which alter the pH (causes gas/bloating)
2. Deconjugation of bile acids
3. Lack absorption of Vit.B12 because the bacteria competes for it. |
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Term
| Overgrowth of bacteria in small bowel causes deconjugation of bile acids. What does this result in? |
|
Definition
Passive absorption of bile.
This interefers with the emulsification and transportation of bile to the enterocytes. So you end up with Malabsorption of fats and steatorrhea. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are caused by inflammation of the mucosa. What diseases can occur? |
|
Definition
1. Crohn's disease
2. Ulcerative Colitis |
|
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Term
| Crohn's Disease can lead to inflammation of any part of the GI system from mouth to anus. What things occur due to this disease? |
|
Definition
1. Mal-absorption
2. Mal-digestion
3. Impaired bile acid reabsorption
4. Fal Mal-absorption
5. Diarrhea
|
|
|
Term
| T/F: Crohn's Disease can lead to starvation. |
|
Definition
True
Not absorbing/digesting anything due to inflammation of mucosa |
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|
Term
| Celiac Disease is a permanent ____________ disorder caused by an _____________ response to _______. |
|
Definition
Dietary
Immunologic
Gluten |
|
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Term
| What does Celiac disease result in? |
|
Definition
Diffuse damage to the proximal small intestinal mucosa.
Mal-absorption of nutrients
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|
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Term
| What is the reason why some people cant eat certains grains like cereal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the genetic disease that is due to abnormal colonic motility? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| When is Hirschsprung disease diagnosed? |
|
Definition
At infancy,
after delivery |
|
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Term
| With Hirschsprung disease, peristalsis causes feces to pass the ______________ region with difficulty and children with this disease may defecate as infrequently as _____________. |
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Definition
Aganglionic region
1 every 3 wks |
|
|
Term
| Why does Fecal incontinence occur? |
|
Definition
| Due to the inability of the external anal sphincter to maintain appropriate tone of the anal canal. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Fecal incontinence increases with a decrease in age. |
|
Definition
| False; increases with age. |
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